Kidney Structure to Micturition

Question 1

medulla is composed of _______, major and minor _____

Answer 1

8-10 renal pyramids

calyces

Question 2

renal blood supply is _____% of cardiac output

Answer 2

22 % of CO

Question 3

kidney blood flow IN (8 steps)

Answer 3

renal artery –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arterioles –> afferent arterioles –> glomerular capillaries –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries

Question 4

capillaries in kidney with HIGH hydrostatic pressure (60 mmHg), which causes RAPID fluid FILTRATION

Answer 4

glomerular capillaries

Question 5

capillaries in kidney with LOW hydrostatic pressure (13 mmHg), which causes RAPID fluid REABSORPTION

Answer 5

peritubular capillaries

Question 6

kidney blood flow OUT (5)

Answer 6

peritubular capillaries –> interlobular vein –> arcuate vein –> interlobular vein –> renal vein

Question 7

functional unit of the kidney; kidney CANNOT regenerate new ones (bodies adapt to maintain homeostasis)

Answer 7

nephron

Question 8

fluid filtered from glomerular capillaries steps (9)

Answer 8

bowman’s capsule –> proximal tubule –> loop of Henle –> macula densa –> distal tubule –> connecting tubule –> cortical collecting duct –> medullary collecting duct –> renal pelvis through tips of renal papillae

Question 9

2 diff structures are nephrons are:

Answer 9

cortical nephron

juxtamedullary nephron

Question 10

CORTICAL nephrons have _____ loops of Henle; represent about ____ % of nephrons

Answer 10

short

70-80%

Question 11

JUXTAMEDULLARY nephrons have _____ loops of Henle; represent about ____ % of nephrons

Answer 11

long

20-30%

Question 12

NEPHROTIC syndrome is caused by different disorders and causes _________ in urine

Answer 12

release of EXCESS PROTEIN

Question 13

nephrotic syndrome:

kids: _____ change disease
adults: __________
* *can be a _______ disease

Answer 13

minimal
membranous glomerulonephritis
multi-system

Question 14

symptoms of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 14

protein in urine

*FOAMY urine

Question 15

UTI/inflammation of bladder usually caused by bacterial infection

Answer 15

cystitis

Question 16

acute infection of renal pelvis or parenchyma; usually due to ascending infection (UTI)

Answer 16

pyelonephritis

Question 17

kidney stones

MC type = CALCIUM OXALATE

Answer 17

nephrolithiasis

Question 18

causes of nephrolithiasis

Answer 18

imbalance of water

family predisposition

Question 19

genetic disorder that causes formation and enlargement of cysts in kidney

Answer 19

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

Question 20

process of urinary bladder emptying

Answer 20

micturition

Question 21

_____ progressively fills –> _____ reflex (nervous reflex) –> bladder _____

Answer 21

bladder
micturition
empties

Question 22

the smooth muscle of the bladder is the _____ ; fibers are _____; entire bladder contracts ____; ____ resistance to electrical impulses btwn muscle cells

Answer 22

detrusor muscle
intertwined
at once
low-resistance

Question 23

____ is on posterior wall of bladder, above bladder neck; _______ contrasts to the folded rugae of the rest of mucosa bladder

Answer 23

trigone

smooth mucosa

Question 24

____ obliquely enter the bladder through the DETRUSOR MUSCLE; travels ____ cm btwn detrusor and mucosa

Answer 24

ureters

1-2 cm

Question 25

the ____ of detrusor muscle shuts down the _____ to prevent back flow of URINE

Answer 25

tone

ureters

Question 26

urethra passes through ______; location of _____ muscle

Answer 26

urogenital diaphragm

external sphincter muscle

Question 27

___ nerve innervates the EXTERNAL sphincter muscle

Answer 27

pudendal N

Question 28

urine flow (5)

Answer 28

nephron –> collecting ducts –> renal calyces –> ureters –> bladder

Question 29

urine flow from ___ to ____ causes PERISTALSIS; which occurs in the _____ and forces urine from kidneys to bladder

Answer 29

collecting ducts
renal calyces
renal pelvis

Question 30

sensory stretch receptors are initiated as the bladder fills with urine; generally ____ as more urine is added to bladder

Answer 30

micturition reflex

increases

Question 31

micturition reflex is ______; initial contracture of detrusor muscle causes further activation of stretch receptors; the reflex is also considered _____ because most adults in non-pathologic state can control when they urinate

Answer 31

self-regenerative

autonomic reflex

Question 32

if bladder is not emptied, micturition reflex is _____ for minutes to hours

Answer 32

inhibited

Question 33

urination can be facilitated or inhibited by centers in the ____ or _____ in brain; usually have finer control of micturition

Answer 33

pons

cerebral cortex

Question 34

micturition reflex is ____ urination- a person contracts ____ muscles, which ____ pressure in bladder

Answer 34

voluntary
abdominal
increases