Kidney Structure to Micturition Flashcards
medulla is composed of _______, major and minor _____
8-10 renal pyramids
calyces
renal blood supply is _____% of cardiac output
22 % of CO
kidney blood flow IN (8 steps)
renal artery –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arterioles –> afferent arterioles –> glomerular capillaries –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries
capillaries in kidney with HIGH hydrostatic pressure (60 mmHg), which causes RAPID fluid FILTRATION
glomerular capillaries
capillaries in kidney with LOW hydrostatic pressure (13 mmHg), which causes RAPID fluid REABSORPTION
peritubular capillaries
kidney blood flow OUT (5)
peritubular capillaries –> interlobular vein –> arcuate vein –> interlobular vein –> renal vein
functional unit of the kidney; kidney CANNOT regenerate new ones (bodies adapt to maintain homeostasis)
nephron
fluid filtered from glomerular capillaries steps (9)
bowman’s capsule –> proximal tubule –> loop of Henle –> macula densa –> distal tubule –> connecting tubule –> cortical collecting duct –> medullary collecting duct –> renal pelvis through tips of renal papillae
2 diff structures are nephrons are:
cortical nephron
juxtamedullary nephron
CORTICAL nephrons have _____ loops of Henle; represent about ____ % of nephrons
short
70-80%
JUXTAMEDULLARY nephrons have _____ loops of Henle; represent about ____ % of nephrons
long
20-30%
NEPHROTIC syndrome is caused by different disorders and causes _________ in urine
release of EXCESS PROTEIN
nephrotic syndrome:
kids: _____ change disease
adults: __________
* *can be a _______ disease
minimal
membranous glomerulonephritis
multi-system
symptoms of nephrotic syndrome
protein in urine
*FOAMY urine
UTI/inflammation of bladder usually caused by bacterial infection
cystitis
acute infection of renal pelvis or parenchyma; usually due to ascending infection (UTI)
pyelonephritis
kidney stones
MC type = CALCIUM OXALATE
nephrolithiasis
causes of nephrolithiasis
imbalance of water
family predisposition
genetic disorder that causes formation and enlargement of cysts in kidney
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
process of urinary bladder emptying
micturition
_____ progressively fills –> _____ reflex (nervous reflex) –> bladder _____
bladder
micturition
empties
the smooth muscle of the bladder is the _____ ; fibers are _____; entire bladder contracts ____; ____ resistance to electrical impulses btwn muscle cells
detrusor muscle
intertwined
at once
low-resistance
____ is on posterior wall of bladder, above bladder neck; _______ contrasts to the folded rugae of the rest of mucosa bladder
trigone
smooth mucosa
____ obliquely enter the bladder through the DETRUSOR MUSCLE; travels ____ cm btwn detrusor and mucosa
ureters
1-2 cm
the ____ of detrusor muscle shuts down the _____ to prevent back flow of URINE
tone
ureters
urethra passes through ______; location of _____ muscle
urogenital diaphragm
external sphincter muscle
___ nerve innervates the EXTERNAL sphincter muscle
pudendal N
urine flow (5)
nephron –> collecting ducts –> renal calyces –> ureters –> bladder
urine flow from ___ to ____ causes PERISTALSIS; which occurs in the _____ and forces urine from kidneys to bladder
collecting ducts
renal calyces
renal pelvis
sensory stretch receptors are initiated as the bladder fills with urine; generally ____ as more urine is added to bladder
micturition reflex
increases
micturition reflex is ______; initial contracture of detrusor muscle causes further activation of stretch receptors; the reflex is also considered _____ because most adults in non-pathologic state can control when they urinate
self-regenerative
autonomic reflex
if bladder is not emptied, micturition reflex is _____ for minutes to hours
inhibited
urination can be facilitated or inhibited by centers in the ____ or _____ in brain; usually have finer control of micturition
pons
cerebral cortex
micturition reflex is ____ urination- a person contracts ____ muscles, which ____ pressure in bladder
voluntary
abdominal
increases
