kidney stones

Question 1

Epidemiology

Answer 1

Men>women, white race, peal incidence in middle age,

Question 2

Urinary Tract Crystallization

Answer 2

Nephtolithiasis/Urolithiasis (stone forming disease, drug related disorders)
Nephrocalcinosis: Medullary sponge kidney, interstitial crystallization/Randalls plaque, crystal nephropathy (urate nephropathy)
Bladder stones (retention of stone material within the bladder, associated with bladder dysfunction)

Question 3

risk factors

Answer 3

previous renal dosease

other past med, family jist, social, diet

Question 4

Drugs that cause stones

Answer 4

Topiramide, Zonisamide, Indinavir, Acetazolamide, loop diuretics, probenicid, calcium supplements, Vit D, Vit C, Ethylene glycol

Indinavir, acyclovir, triamterene, SMX, Guaifenesin, Guaiacol

Question 5

L cystine stone disease

Answer 5

Defined by cystinuria (>100umoles/g creat)
Type A (recessive), Type B (Incomplete dominant)

Question 6

Primary hyperoxalosis/ hyperoxaluria

Answer 6

Rare genetic disorders of liver enzymes leading to excessive endogenous oxalate synthesis

CT scan
Ultrasound

Stone analysis

Question 7

Acute treatments

Answer 7

Non invasive- pain control and fluids, medical expulsive therapy, dissolution
Extra corporeal sock wave lithotripsy
Ureteroscopy
Percutaneous approach, post abstructive infection medical surgical

Question 8

Chronic treatments

Answer 8

Dilution, low protein/ high fruit diet, alkalinize urine, Xanthine oxidase inhibitors

struvate- sterilize urine , remove stone material,