Kidney stones

Question 1

At what spinal level does the ureter lie at?

Answer 1

L2-5

Question 2

What is the most common composite of renal calculi?

Answer 2

Calium oxalate and calcium phosphate.

Question 3

What pre-condition is seen before development of struvite stones?

Answer 3

Infection with urease producing bacteria

Question 4

What pH changes precipitate 1) calcium oxalate and 2) calcium phosphate?

Answer 4

Calcium oxalate is decrease

Calcium phosphate is increase

Question 5

What are the management options for renal calculi?

Answer 5

Conservative- plenty of fluids and wait too pass (most stones under 5mm pass spontaneously)
Medical- Shock wave lithotripsy and hydrochlorothiazide, uretonoscopy
Surgical- percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Question 6

Which immune related condition are renal calculi associated with and why?

Answer 6

Crohn disease.

Excessive oxalate absorption via malabsorption of fatty acids

Question 7

Which types of calculi are radiolucent?

Answer 7

Uric, cystine are barely visible also

Question 8

Name 3 biochemical risk factors for developing renal calculi.

Answer 8

Hypercalcaemia due to hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcuria due to impaired renal tubular absorption
Hyperoxaluria due to genetic defect or high quantity in diet