Kidney + Lungs Flashcards
-Learned based on quiz type
[Loop Diuretics]
Inhibit the ability of the Na+/K+/2Cl- pump in the thick ascending tubule.
[K+ sparing]
Inhibit the Na+ channels in the DCT; causes a reduce in Na intake and, thus, reduces H2O flow. (aldosterone antagonist) -> Principal cells, thus reduces K+ secretions.
[Thiozide]
Inhibit the NaCl symporter in the early distal tubule; Causes a mild wipe of the medullary gradient.
[Osmotic diuretics]
Causes an increase in osmolarity in the ultrafiltrate -> increased H2O loss.
[Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors]
Prevents the absorption of HCO3- into the system, thus increasing the H2O secreted. May cause slight alkalemia ->alkalization of the urine.
Furosemide
Trade Name: Lasix; loop diuretic, prevents the action of the Na+/K+/Cl- pump within the loops of Henle and causes a reduce in H2O absorption.
Theophylline
Trade Name: Aminophylline; Methylxanthine, known to be phosphodiesterase inhibitors, reduce the abundance of cAMP -> leads to potentiated effects of B2 agonist; can also block adenosine receptors and inhibit the activation of inflammatory cells. Thought to cause other effects in inflammatory cells.
Dexamethasone
Trade Name: Ozurdex, Maxidex, Decadron, Baycadron; Corticosteroid. Primary function: block the transcription of inflammatory proteins within the system. Secondary function: blocks the phospholipase A2 that drives the reaction for arachidonic acid pathway,
Spiranolactone
Trade Name: Aldactone; inhibits action of the aldosterone pathway -> reduce Na+ absorption in the distal convoluted tubules w/out the secretion of the K+ cells. Also inhibits cardiac effects of aldosterone.
Enalapril
Trade Name: Vasotec; ACE inhibitor, prevents conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
Propranolol
Trade Name: Inderal; B adrenergic antagonist, (opposite effects of agonist), decrease heart rate, reduce renin secretion by kidney, hypoglycemia due to reduce gluconeogenesis in the liver, constriction of the bronchioles
Epinephrine
Trade Name: Adrenaclick, EpiPen, Twinject, Medihaler-Epi; hormone and adrenergic agonist; act equally on the A and B -> causes an equal increase in cardiac output with an increase in blood flow towards your periphery, not your visceral organs.
Albuterol
Trade Name: Proventil, AccuNeb; B2 adrenergic agonist, increase vasodilation and respiratory dilation as well; increase metabolic effects as well from muscle and liver
G protein coupled -> adenylyl cyclase -> increase cAMP -> PKA -> decrease in Ca2+ by Ca2+-ATPase activation (increase extrusion of Ca2+ from the cell)
[B2 receptors agonist]
Act on the smooth muscle cells to decrease contraction and vasoconstriction
[Methylxanthines]
Unknown mechanism, but act through phosphodiesterase and cause bronchodialation by increasing cAMP
Phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP.
[Anticholinergic Drugs]
Reduce the vagal tone to cause bronchodialation by acting on the M3 & M2 receptors.
Two pathways:
M2 -> Gi protein -> adenylyl cyclase -> reduce level of cAMP
M3 -> Gq -> PLC -> DAG and IP3 -> Ca2+ release
Both cause the following:
activation of K+ channels; inhibiton of voltage gated Ca2+ channels.
[Glucocorticoids]
Reduces the translation of inflammatory genes and causes the increase translation of anti-inflamatory genes in the system.
[Antitusives]
Neurological depressant that prevents the cough reflex from occurring
[Expectorants]
Stimulates the bronchial mucosa to increase fluid portion of the mucous and cause release and ease of expulsion
[Mucolytics]
Causes the breakdown of cysteine bonds between the mucous and thus allows for expectoration to occur.
[Surfactants]
Reduce surface tension within the system.
