Kidney + Lungs

Question 1

[Loop Diuretics]

Answer 1

Inhibit the ability of the Na+/K+/2Cl- pump in the thick ascending tubule.

Question 2

[K+ sparing]

Answer 2

Inhibit the Na+ channels in the DCT; causes a reduce in Na intake and, thus, reduces H2O flow. (aldosterone antagonist) -> Principal cells, thus reduces K+ secretions.

Question 3

[Thiozide]

Answer 3

Inhibit the NaCl symporter in the early distal tubule; Causes a mild wipe of the medullary gradient.

Question 4

[Osmotic diuretics]

Answer 4

Causes an increase in osmolarity in the ultrafiltrate -> increased H2O loss.

Question 5

[Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors]

Answer 5

Prevents the absorption of HCO3- into the system, thus increasing the H2O secreted. May cause slight alkalemia ->alkalization of the urine.

Question 6

Furosemide

Answer 6

Trade Name: Lasix; loop diuretic, prevents the action of the Na+/K+/Cl- pump within the loops of Henle and causes a reduce in H2O absorption.

Question 7

Theophylline

Answer 7

Trade Name: Aminophylline; Methylxanthine, known to be phosphodiesterase inhibitors, reduce the abundance of cAMP -> leads to potentiated effects of B2 agonist; can also block adenosine receptors and inhibit the activation of inflammatory cells. Thought to cause other effects in inflammatory cells.

Question 8

Dexamethasone

Answer 8

Trade Name: Ozurdex, Maxidex, Decadron, Baycadron; Corticosteroid. Primary function: block the transcription of inflammatory proteins within the system. Secondary function: blocks the phospholipase A2 that drives the reaction for arachidonic acid pathway,

Question 9

Spiranolactone

Answer 9

Trade Name: Aldactone; inhibits action of the aldosterone pathway -> reduce Na+ absorption in the distal convoluted tubules w/out the secretion of the K+ cells. Also inhibits cardiac effects of aldosterone.

Question 10

Enalapril

Answer 10

Trade Name: Vasotec; ACE inhibitor, prevents conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

Question 11

Propranolol

Answer 11

Trade Name: Inderal; B adrenergic antagonist, (opposite effects of agonist), decrease heart rate, reduce renin secretion by kidney, hypoglycemia due to reduce gluconeogenesis in the liver, constriction of the bronchioles

Question 12

Epinephrine

Answer 12

Trade Name: Adrenaclick, EpiPen, Twinject, Medihaler-Epi; hormone and adrenergic agonist; act equally on the A and B -> causes an equal increase in cardiac output with an increase in blood flow towards your periphery, not your visceral organs.

Question 13

Albuterol

Answer 13

Trade Name: Proventil, AccuNeb; B2 adrenergic agonist, increase vasodilation and respiratory dilation as well; increase metabolic effects as well from muscle and liver

G protein coupled -> adenylyl cyclase -> increase cAMP -> PKA -> decrease in Ca2+ by Ca2+-ATPase activation (increase extrusion of Ca2+ from the cell)

Question 14

[B2 receptors agonist]

Answer 14

Act on the smooth muscle cells to decrease contraction and vasoconstriction

Question 15

[Methylxanthines]

Answer 15

Unknown mechanism, but act through phosphodiesterase and cause bronchodialation by increasing cAMP

Phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP.

Question 16

[Anticholinergic Drugs]

Answer 16

Reduce the vagal tone to cause bronchodialation by acting on the M3 & M2 receptors.

Two pathways:
M2 -> Gi protein -> adenylyl cyclase -> reduce level of cAMP

M3 -> Gq -> PLC -> DAG and IP3 -> Ca2+ release

Both cause the following:
activation of K+ channels; inhibiton of voltage gated Ca2+ channels.

Question 17

[Glucocorticoids]

Answer 17

Reduces the translation of inflammatory genes and causes the increase translation of anti-inflamatory genes in the system.

Question 18

[Antitusives]

Answer 18

Neurological depressant that prevents the cough reflex from occurring

Question 19

[Expectorants]

Answer 19

Stimulates the bronchial mucosa to increase fluid portion of the mucous and cause release and ease of expulsion

Question 20

[Mucolytics]

Answer 20

Causes the breakdown of cysteine bonds between the mucous and thus allows for expectoration to occur.

Question 21

[Surfactants]

Answer 21

Reduce surface tension within the system.