Kidney + Lungs Flashcards

-Learned based on quiz type

1
Q

[Loop Diuretics]

A

Inhibit the ability of the Na+/K+/2Cl- pump in the thick ascending tubule.

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2
Q

[K+ sparing]

A

Inhibit the Na+ channels in the DCT; causes a reduce in Na intake and, thus, reduces H2O flow. (aldosterone antagonist) -> Principal cells, thus reduces K+ secretions.

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3
Q

[Thiozide]

A

Inhibit the NaCl symporter in the early distal tubule; Causes a mild wipe of the medullary gradient.

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4
Q

[Osmotic diuretics]

A

Causes an increase in osmolarity in the ultrafiltrate -> increased H2O loss.

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5
Q

[Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors]

A

Prevents the absorption of HCO3- into the system, thus increasing the H2O secreted. May cause slight alkalemia ->alkalization of the urine.

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6
Q

Furosemide

A

Trade Name: Lasix; loop diuretic, prevents the action of the Na+/K+/Cl- pump within the loops of Henle and causes a reduce in H2O absorption.

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7
Q

Theophylline

A

Trade Name: Aminophylline; Methylxanthine, known to be phosphodiesterase inhibitors, reduce the abundance of cAMP -> leads to potentiated effects of B2 agonist; can also block adenosine receptors and inhibit the activation of inflammatory cells. Thought to cause other effects in inflammatory cells.

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8
Q

Dexamethasone

A

Trade Name: Ozurdex, Maxidex, Decadron, Baycadron; Corticosteroid. Primary function: block the transcription of inflammatory proteins within the system. Secondary function: blocks the phospholipase A2 that drives the reaction for arachidonic acid pathway,

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9
Q

Spiranolactone

A

Trade Name: Aldactone; inhibits action of the aldosterone pathway -> reduce Na+ absorption in the distal convoluted tubules w/out the secretion of the K+ cells. Also inhibits cardiac effects of aldosterone.

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10
Q

Enalapril

A

Trade Name: Vasotec; ACE inhibitor, prevents conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

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11
Q

Propranolol

A

Trade Name: Inderal; B adrenergic antagonist, (opposite effects of agonist), decrease heart rate, reduce renin secretion by kidney, hypoglycemia due to reduce gluconeogenesis in the liver, constriction of the bronchioles

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12
Q

Epinephrine

A

Trade Name: Adrenaclick, EpiPen, Twinject, Medihaler-Epi; hormone and adrenergic agonist; act equally on the A and B -> causes an equal increase in cardiac output with an increase in blood flow towards your periphery, not your visceral organs.

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13
Q

Albuterol

A

Trade Name: Proventil, AccuNeb; B2 adrenergic agonist, increase vasodilation and respiratory dilation as well; increase metabolic effects as well from muscle and liver

G protein coupled -> adenylyl cyclase -> increase cAMP -> PKA -> decrease in Ca2+ by Ca2+-ATPase activation (increase extrusion of Ca2+ from the cell)

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14
Q

[B2 receptors agonist]

A

Act on the smooth muscle cells to decrease contraction and vasoconstriction

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15
Q

[Methylxanthines]

A

Unknown mechanism, but act through phosphodiesterase and cause bronchodialation by increasing cAMP

Phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP.

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16
Q

[Anticholinergic Drugs]

A

Reduce the vagal tone to cause bronchodialation by acting on the M3 & M2 receptors.

Two pathways:
M2 -> Gi protein -> adenylyl cyclase -> reduce level of cAMP

M3 -> Gq -> PLC -> DAG and IP3 -> Ca2+ release

Both cause the following:
activation of K+ channels; inhibiton of voltage gated Ca2+ channels.

17
Q

[Glucocorticoids]

A

Reduces the translation of inflammatory genes and causes the increase translation of anti-inflamatory genes in the system.

18
Q

[Antitusives]

A

Neurological depressant that prevents the cough reflex from occurring

19
Q

[Expectorants]

A

Stimulates the bronchial mucosa to increase fluid portion of the mucous and cause release and ease of expulsion

20
Q

[Mucolytics]

A

Causes the breakdown of cysteine bonds between the mucous and thus allows for expectoration to occur.

21
Q

[Surfactants]

A

Reduce surface tension within the system.