KIDNEY FAILURE

Question 1

treating kidney failure

Answer 1

• reduce intake of certain nutrients/proteins to prevent urea and ion (Ca2+/K+) production
• medication reducing blood pressure by lowering Ca2+/K+ ion concs/reducing adrenaline
• dialysis, blood cleaning
• kidney transplant

Question 2

issues caused by high Ca2+/K+ concentration in the blood & treatment (2)

Answer 2

• K+ causes heart arrhythmias and is treated with glucose and insulin (and Ca2+ if serious to stabilise heart membranes)
• high Ca2+ causes increase risk of heart disease, kidney stones & osteoperosis, treated with biophosphonates (that decrease osteoclast activity)

Question 3

haemodialysis (7)

Answer 3

• uses a dialysis machine
• blood taken from artery (usually) arm
• ran through long narrow fibres made from selectively permeable dialysis tubing
• fibres surrounding by dialysis tubing
• pores let small molecules into dialysis tubing only
• blood and dialysis run in a counter-current mechanism
• blood returned and herapin added to thin/prevent clotting

Question 4

CAPDialysis (5)

Answer 4

• dialysis fluid drained into abdomen/body cavity via catheter
• peritoneum acts as dialysis membrane & has rich capillary supply
• materials move from blood to dialysis fluid
• after allotted time dialysis fluid is drain by gravity
• when on CAPD patients must drink little (bc. fluid retention is common) and avoid K+-rich foods

Question 5

types of transplant donors (3)

Answer 5

• living
• brain death/circulatory death
• recently deceased

Question 6

transplant (3)

Answer 6

• kidney placed in lower abdomen, in groin
• renal artery/vein attached to illac
• circulation returned to new kidney and when pink and ureter producing urine, reattached to bladder

Question 7

immunosuppressents (3)

Answer 7

• transplant recipients must take immunosuppressants permanently
• rejection most common in 1st 6 weeks
• patients more vulnerable to infection and cancers (skin/lymphoma)