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3 HOMEOSTASIS AND THE KIDNEY > EXCRETION > Flashcards

EXCRETION Flashcards

1
Q

excretion

A
  • removal of wastes made by the body
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2
Q

how is water removed? (3)

A
  • excreted as metabolic waste from respiration
  • secreted in tears and saliva
  • egested in faeces
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3
Q

functions of the kidney (2)

A
  • excretion - removal of nitrogenous waste

- osmoregulation - controlling water potential of the body’s fluids by regulating water content

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4
Q

how is urea produced (3)

A
  • dietary protein digested into amino acids and transported to liver
  • deanimated in the liver and amino group converted to urea
  • carried in plasma to liver and excreted in urine
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5
Q

kidney image

A
  • nephron, cortex, medulla, renal artery, renal vein, pelvis, pyramid, renal capsule, ureter
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6
Q

fine structure image

A

glomerulus, efferent arteriole, bowman’s capsule, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, loop of henle (ascending/descending limb), vasa recta, proximal convoluted tubule, afferent arteriole

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7
Q

nephron in the kidney

A

blood filtering unit

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8
Q

path filtrate travels through kidney (4)

A
  • through the afferent arteriole, from the renal artery, to the nephron
  • seperates into capillaries at the glomerulus enclosed in bowman’s capsule
  • filtered blood carried by efferent arteriole to capillary network around tubes/vasa recta capillary network around loop of henle
  • diverted through nephron to collecting duct, pelvis, ureter
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9
Q

filtering layers of the glomerulus (4)

A
  • thin wall of capillary, single layer of epithelial cells with fenestrae (pores)
  • basement membrane with extracellular layer of proteins (glyoproteins/collagen) to act as molecular filter, selective barrier, sieve
  • wall of bowman’s capsule make of squamous epithelial cells, podocytes, with pedcials wrapping around capillaries
  • filtration slits between pedicals
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10
Q

where occurs in the bowman’s capsule? (2)

A
  • ultrafiltration

- filtration under high pressure

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11
Q

diagram of bowman’s capsule

A

p235

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12
Q

what makes up filtrate (5)

A
  • water
  • glucose
  • salts
  • urea
  • amino acids
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13
Q

what are too big to pass through membrane and remain in blood? (3)

A
  • platelets
  • blood cells
  • large proteins
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14
Q

selective reabsorption (2)

A
  • occurs along the proximal convoluted tubule/ PCT

- useful products reabsorbed into blood

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15
Q

how is the PCT adapted? (5)

A
  • long w/ large SA and many nephrons
  • cuboidal epithelial cells in walls w/ microvilli to increase surface area
  • many mitochondria to produce ATP
  • close capillaries
  • tight junctions between cells preventing molecules diffusing back
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16
Q

selective reabsorption (4)

A
  • salts reabsorbed by mostly active (but some passive) transport
  • all glucose and amino acids reabsorbed by co-transport with sodium
  • water by osmosis (bc reabsorbed ions lower water pot. of blood)
  • urea/small proteins by diffusion, down steep gradient (bc. water loss left high conc.)
17
Q

co-transport (6)

A
  • glucose molecule + 2 Na+ bind to carrier/transporter protein
  • carried across cell by facilitated diffusion
  • dissociate from carrier
  • diffuse across cell
  • sodium diffuses into capillary
  • sodium diffusion provides energy for secondary active transport of glucose into blood
18
Q

glucose threshold (3)

A
  • glucose being lost in the loop of henlé
  • pancreas doesn’t secrete enough insulin (type i diabetes)
  • insulin receptors damaged so liver does not respond to insulin as much (type ii)
19
Q

where does water reabsorption occur?

A
  • on the ascending/descending limbs of the loop of henlé
20
Q

loop of henlé structure (3)

A
  • ascending limb impermeable to water
  • descending limb permeable to water, only slightly permeable to ions
  • vasa recta, capillaries surrounding loop
  • distal convoluted tubule leading into collecting duct
21
Q

How reabsorption of water occurs (6)

A
  • filtrate flows down descending limb, water flows out by osmosis into tissue fluid, into vasa recta
  • simultaneously some Na+/Cl- diffuse into descending limb
  • as filtrate gets down descending limb there is progressively less water and most conc. at base of the loop
  • on ascending limb Cl-/Na+ actively transported out so water pot. climbs as it climbs from base
  • more water diffuses out down the collecting duct (as it passes low water pot. medulla)
  • becomes hypertonic (more conc.) than blood and is urine by bottom of collecting duct
22
Q

counter-current multiplier (2)

A
  • limbs of henle run side by side, flowing in opposite directions
  • conc is progressively built up towards the apex

3 HOMEOSTASIS AND THE KIDNEY (5 decks)

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