KIDNEY, BLADDER, URETHRA

Question 1

At what level do the kidneys sit?

Answer 1

T12-L3

note: right sits an inch lower due to liver

Question 2

which vessel sits most superior in the hilum of the kidney?

Answer 2

renal vein

Question 3

outline the blood supply within the kidney?

Answer 3

renal artery -> segmental artery -> interlobular arteries -> arcuate artery -> interlobular artery -> afferent arteriole

Question 4

outline where we gonadal veins are?

Answer 4

they drain reproductive organs

right vein joins the IVC directly at L2 and the left vein joins the left renal vein

Question 5

At what level does the superior mesenteric artery arise? what is the relation with the renal veins?

Answer 5

L1

It arises just above, and runs over the top of, the left renal vein

Question 6

outline any muscles in close proximity to the kidney?

Answer 6

the kidneys sit over the medial aspect of the psoas major and over the lateral aspect of the quadratus lamborum muscle

Question 7

whats the embryological derivative of the kidneys?

Answer 7

urogenital ridge

Question 8

outline briefly the embryology of the kidneys?

Answer 8

urogenital ridge forms pronephros in 4th week
mesonephros forms after and ureteric bud sprouts
metanephros forms in 5th week and this forms the definitive kidney

Question 9

where does the definitive kidney develop?

Answer 9

in the pelvis region before ascending into the abdomen

Question 10

what muscle is found in the bladder wall?

Answer 10

detrusor muscle

Question 11

whats the blood supply to the bladder?

Answer 11

superior vesicle branch of internal iliac artery

Question 12

outline the nerve supply to the bladder?

Answer 12

sympathetic - hypogastric nerve - relaxation of detrusor
parasympathetic - pelvic nerve - contraction
somatic - pudendal - contraction of external urethral sphincter
also sensory nerves to signal to the brain

Question 13

describe the difference in length between male and female urethras

Answer 13

males - 15-20cm long

females - 4cm long

Question 14

what are the 3 parts of the male urethra?

Answer 14

prostatic - bladder neck to prostate gland
membranous - prostate gland to pelvic floor
bulbous - bulbous and corpus spongiosum of penis and ends at external urethral orifice

Question 15

what cell type is found in male urethra?

Answer 15

prostatic urethra has transitional cell epithelium
membranous pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
end is squamous epithelium

Question 16

what innervates the male urethra?

Answer 16

prostatic plexus

Question 17

what are scenes glands?

Answer 17

two glands located on either side of the urethra. These glands are believed to secrete a substance to lubricate the urethra opening

Question 18

what innervates the female urethra?

Answer 18

pudendal nerve

Question 19

where is the bladder and urethra embryologically derived from?

Answer 19

cloaca

Question 20

what does the cloaca divide into

Answer 20

urogenital sinus and anal canal

Question 21

what forms the trigone? (embryology)

Answer 21

urogenital sinus absorbs the caudal parts of the mesnephric duct

Question 22

what forms the ureterts?

Answer 22

outgrowths of the mesonephric ducts

Question 23

what forms the epididymis and vas deferent?

Answer 23

mesonephric ducts - wolfiian ducts

Question 24

what forms the female reproductive tract?

Answer 24

paramesonephric ducts - mullerian ducts