Kidney, Bladder, & Male GU Flashcards
The mother of a 3-month old child palpated a mass on the left side of the child’s abdomen. What is the most likely diagnosis for this mass? What would the diagnosis be if this mass were a neoplasm?
Polycystic kidney, hydronephrosis, Wilms tumor (if a kidney neoplasm), or neuroblastoma (if an adrenal neoplasm)
A 40-year old man has end-stage kidney failure and bilaterally enlarged kidneys. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Compensatory hypertrophy of the kidneys
A 4-year old child developed puffiness around the eyes and became chronically sleepily 2 weeks after an episode of “strep-throat”. The mother noted that the child’s urine was dark brown and was being excreted in small amounts. What is the probably diagnosis?
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
A 40-year old man noticed generalized swelling, most prominently in his face and lower extremities. His physician discovered proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia. What is the most likely cause of edema in this case?
Nephrotic Syndrome
A 46-year old man noticed brown-red urine and, over a period of 6 days, stopped urinating all together. What is the probable diagnosis?
Nephritic Syndrome
Nephrotic Syndrome:
- Massive proteinuria
- Hypoalbuminemia
- Edema
- Hyperlipidemia
Nephritic Syndrome:
- Hematuria
- Oliguria
- Proteinuria
- Hypertension
A 50-year old man who underwent a routine medical check-up was found to have blood in his urine. X-ray studies revealed a renal mass on the left side. What is the probable cause of this hematuria?
Renal cell carcinoma
A 20-year old woman complained of pain during urination. She also noticed blood in her urine. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Urinary tract infection (cystitis)
Inflammation of the urinary bladder. The risk in females is increased because of a short urethra (especially during pregnancy). Bladder outlet obstruction associated with prostatic hyperplasia predisposes men:
Cystitis (UTI)
Bladder dilatation, muscular hypertrophy, and trabeculation of the mucosal surface of the bladder results from:
Bladder outlet obstruction
The failure of a testis to descend within the scrotum. Long-term complications if untreated include infertility and testicular cancer:
Cryptorchidism
Acute or chronic inflammation of the testis, often secondary to urinary tract infection. Syphilis and mumps can both produce this disease:
Orchitis
Neoplastic transformation of a male germ cell. Account for half of all germ cell tumors in males:
Seminoma
Germ cell tumor characterized by tissues from all three embryonic germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
Teratoma
The most common germ cell tumors of infants:
Yolk sac tumors
A highly malignant testicular tumor that represents extraembryonic differentiation to components of the placenta:
Choriocarcinoma
Usually follows a lower urinary tract infection with reflux of infected urine into the prostate:
Prostatitis (infection of the prostate)
A common disorder characterized clinically by enlargement of the gland with obstruction to the flow of urine through the bladder outlet. Characterized pathologically by the proliferation of both glands and stroma:
Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate
Clinical symptoms of nodular hyperplasia of the prostate:
Decreased urinary stream, and increasing urinary frequency. Rectal examination reveals a firm, enlarged and nodular prostate.
A disease of elderly men. Most cases are incidental findings at autopsy or are discovered in surgical specimens of nodular hyperplasia:
Prostate cancer (adenocarcinoma)
The most common histologic type of bladder cancer:
Transitional cell carcinoma
Painless hematuria in men or women can be a symptoms of:
Bladder cancer
A 3-month old boy had a testis that was not palpable. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Cryptorchidism
The testis is still in the inguinal canal at 1 year of age. Why should an orchiopexy (surgical correction) be performed?
Long-term complications of untreated cryptorchidism include infertility and testicular cancer.
A 60-year old man complained of urgency and dribbling on urination. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate
A testicular nodule was noticed by a 30-year old man on self-examination. What is the appropriate work-up for this painless nodule?
A radical inguinal orchiectomy following US
Elevated serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) were detected in a 60-year old man. What is the significance of these findings?
PSA increases with age because the prostate gradually enlarges as men grow older. Prostate cancer should be suspected at PSA levels (above 2 ng/mL) or when PSA is rising at all in men in their 40s.
A 70-year old man with sclerosis of the lumbar vertebrae had a rock-hard prostate on palpation. Which serum enzyme tests should be expected to yield positive results?
Prostate specific antigen
Name the renal lesion typically seen in patients with cardiogenic and hypovolemic shock:
Acute tubular necrosis
A 4 y.o. developed proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema. The urine sediment contained no inflammatory or RBCs, but did contain lipid casts. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Minimal change nephrotic syndrome
Name an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that inevitably leads to bilateral kidney enlargement and failure:
Adult polycystic kidney disease
Clinical term meaning acute decline in the glomerular filtration rate with a resultant increase in BUN and serum creatinine values:
Renal failure
Name the disease that is caused by bacterial infections (usually E. coli) ascending through the ureters and renal collecting ducts to the kidney:
Pyelonephritis
Name the most common malignant tumor of the kidney in adults:
Renal cell carcinoma
Name a testicular tumor that can cause symptoms of precocious puberty in an 8 y.o. boy:
Leydig cell tumor
