Female GU & Breast Flashcards
A 35-year old woman received a report from her gynecologist indicating that she had a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. This is important, because HPV is a risk factor for cancer of the:
Cervix (squamous cell carcinoma)
A 35-year old woman complained of heaviness in the abdomen and frequent urge to urinate. Gynecologic examination revealed an enlarged, bulky uterus. What is the probable diagnosis?
Leiomyoma (fibroid)
A 28-year old woman had vague lower abdominal pain that intensified at the time of menstruation. What is the possible cause of this pain?
Endometriosis
A postmenopausal 52-year old woman who had cessation of menstruation suddenly noted a bloody vaginal discharge. Pap smear was normal, but endometrial biopsy revealed a malignancy. The most appropriate histological diagnoses is:
Endometrial adenocarcinoma following endometrial hyperplasia
A 70-year old woman noted abdominal swelling. The doctor diagnosed ascites and requested a gynecologic consultation. What findings might be expected on gynecologic examination?
Ovarian cancer
A 30-year old woman stopped menstruating and developed chest hair. Such virilization could be caused by:
Polycystic ovary syndrome
A pregnant woman presented to the emergency room 5 months after her last menstrual period complaining of spotting. An enlarged uterus, corresponding to a 7-month pregnancy was noted. No fetal movement was evident. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Hydatidiform mole
A 3-cm breast mass was found in a 20-year old woman. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Fibroadenoma
Painful, small nodules in both breasts were noted in a 40-year old woman. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Fibrocystic change of the breast
A 3-cm mass was palpated in the breast of a 45-year old woman. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Invasive ductal carcinoma (adenocarcinoma)
A viral induced, benign, squamous lesion that occurs on the vulva, perianal region, perineum, vagina, and cervix. A characteristic finding is the koilocyte, an epithelial cell with a perinuclear halo that contains human papilloma virus (HPV):
Condyloma
a common cause of sexually-transmitted genital infections. After an incubation period of 1 to 3 weeks, small vesicles develop on the vulva and erode into painful ulcers:
Herpes simplex type 2
An infection of the pelvic organs that follows the extension of microorganisms beyond the uterus:
Pelvic inflammatory disease
The most common cancer of the vulva:
Squamous cell carcinoma
Replacement of the normal squamous epithelium of the vagina by a glandular epithelium (metaplasia). Exposure to diethylstilbestrol during prenatal life is associated with this disease:
Vaginal adenosis
Generally a disease of the vaginal tissue of older women:
Squamous cell carcinoma
A spectrum of epithelial changes that begin with minimal atypia and progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma:
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
Implicated in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer:
HPV
The presence of endometrial glands and stroma deep within the myometrium. Patients with this disease frequently present with pelvic pain, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia:
Adenomyosis
The presence of benign endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus. Early foci on the ovary or peritoneum appear as red/bluish (“mulberry”) nodules. Causes dysmenorrhea. Infertility is the chief compliant in one third of women with this disease.
Endometriosis
Abnormal bleeding during or between menstrual periods, in which the cause lies outside the uterus. Most cases are related to an endocrine disturbance:
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Inflammation of the fallopian tube typically resulting from ascending infections. Infertility is a complication:
Salpingitis
Persistent anovulation, small ovarian cysts, and clinical manifestations related to the secretion of excess androgens. Patients typically present with amenorrhea, hirsutism (excess body hair), obesity, and infertility:
Polycystic ovary syndrome
The second most frequent gynecologic malignancy after endometrial cancer. In the US it carries a higher mortality rate than all other genital cancers combined:
Ovarian cancer
The ovarian counterpart of testicular seminoma and is composed of activated germ cells. Extremely sensitive to radiation:
Disgerminoma
A tumor of germ cell origin that shows differentiation toward somatic structures:
Teratoma
A rare germ cell tumor that mimics trophoblast of the placental villi. Human chorionic gonadotropin is a serum marker:
Choriocarcinoma
_______ is a complex of symptoms, including hypertension, proteinuria, and pathologic edema. It occurs in 6% of pregnant women during the last trimester (more commonly with the first child). If convulsive seizures appear, the disorder is termed _______:
Preeclampsia
Eclampsia
The spectrum of trophoblastic disorders characterized by abnormal proliferation and maturation of trophoblast.
Gestational trophoblastic disease
A gestational trophoblastic disease in which the uterus fills with placental tissue containing swollen chorionic villi. There is no embryo. Results from the fertilization of an ovum that lacks functional DNA.
Complete hydatidiform mole
Has 69 chromosomes (triploidy) and results from fertilization of a normal ovum with two spermatozoa. Fetal parts are present:
Partial hydatidiform mole
A malignant tumor derived from fetal trophoblast. It is a tumor allograft and thus unique among human cancers. May evolve from complete hydatidiform mole.
Gestational choriocarcinoma
Women exposed to diethylstibesterol (DES) in utero have an increased risk of developing which tumor of the female reproductive system?
Clear cell adenocarcinoma
Name a benign germ cell tumor of the ovary:
Dermoid cyst
Name the tumor that originates in the bladder, cervix, vagina, and vulva, but is rare in the ovary:
Squamous cell carcinoma
