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Gross II Final > Kidney > Flashcards

Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

What is the overall function of the kidney?

A

To remove water, salts, and products of protein metabolism from the blood

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2
Q

What shape is the kidney?

A

Bean-shaped

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3
Q

Is the kidney intra- or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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4
Q

The kidney extends from what vertebrae levels?

A

T12-L3

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5
Q

Which kidney lies slightly lower than the other?

A

Right kidney

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6
Q

Why does the right kidney lie slightly lower than the left kidney?

A

Due to the large size of the right lobe of the liver

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7
Q

The kidneys lie where in reference to the psoas major muscle?

A

Anterior

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8
Q

The kidneys lie where in reference to the vertebral column?

A

Lateral

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9
Q

What is the space called where the kidneys lie lateral to the vertebral column?

A

Paravertebral grooves

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10
Q

A strain of what muscle is commonly mistaken as kidney pain?

A

Psoas major

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11
Q

What is the unique name given to the top and bottom areas of the kidneys?

A

Superior and inferior poles

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12
Q

The hilum of the kidney is a fissure in what direction?

A

Vertical

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13
Q

The hilum of the kidney is located on what surface?

A

Medial

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14
Q

What four things does the hilum of the kidney transmit?

A

Renal vein (anteriorly), renal artery (between renal vein and ureter), ureter (posteriorly), and autonomic & sensory nerves

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15
Q

What is the expanded superior end of the ureter within the hilum?

A

Renal pelvis

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16
Q

What is the recess called located within the hilum that is filled with fat?

A

Renal sinus

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17
Q

The structures that enter the hilum are known collectively by what term?

A

Renal pedicle

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18
Q

What is the posteriormost organ at the abdominal level?

A

Kidney

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19
Q

What is the outer portion of the kidney called?

A

Renal cortex

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20
Q

What are the projections of the cortex into the medulla between the renal pyramids?

A

Renal columns

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21
Q

What is the inner portion of the kidney?

A

Medulla

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22
Q

The renal medulla includes about how many renal pyramids?

A

8-12

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23
Q

What is the apex termination of the renal pyramid?

A

Renal papilla

24
Q

What are the cup shaped structures into which the renal papillae fit?

A

Minor calices

25
Q

What are the 2-3 major channels into which the minor calices empty?

A

Major calices

26
Q

Where do the major calices empty?

A

Renal pelvis

27
Q

What artery is the main arterial blood supply of the kidney?

A

Renal artery

28
Q

From where does the renal artery arise?

A

Abdominal aorta

29
Q

What are the accessory arteries of the kidney?

A

Extrahilar arteries

30
Q

From where do the extrahilar arteries arise?

A

Abdominal aorta above or below the renal artery

31
Q

What vein makes up the venous blood supply to the kidney?

A

Renal vein

32
Q

To where does the renal vein drain?

A

Inferior vena cava

33
Q

In addition to the left kidney, what else does the left renal vein drain?

A

Suprarenal gland, gonad, diaphragm, and body wall

34
Q

What structures can be compressed with Anatomical Nutcracker Compression Syndrome?

A

Left renal vein, 3rd part of the duodenum

35
Q

What two vessels are responsible for the compression in Anatomical Nutcracker?

A

Superior mesenteric artery (front) and aorta (behind)

36
Q

If the 3rd part of the duodenum is compressed with Anatomical Nutcracker, what can result?

A

Left side kidney failure and vomiting

37
Q

What are the causes of Anatomical Nutcracker Compression Syndrome?

A

Compressive abdominal trauma, Cast Syndrome (application of a body cast that is too tight), aortic aneurysm

38
Q

What is the main nerve involved in kidney innervation?

A

Least splanchnic nerve (T12)

39
Q

What is the overall innervation of the kidney?

A

Renal plexus

40
Q

The renal plexus is formed by fibers from what locations?

A

Celiac plexus, aortic plexus, direct branches from the thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves

41
Q

What are the functions of the fat around the kidneys?

A

Protection, insulation, support (attachment to the posterior wall)

42
Q

What are the layers covering the kidneys?

A

Renal capsule (innermost), perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat (outermost)

43
Q

What is the membranous layer of extraperitoneal tissue which splits into anterior and posterior layers to enclose the kidney?

A

Renal fascia

44
Q

What is the scientific term for kidney stones?

A

Renal calculi

45
Q

What may renal calculi be composed of?

A

Calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid crystals

46
Q

What are the risk factors for renal calculi?

A

Being male, low fluid intake/dehydration, southeastern U.S.A.

47
Q

What is the pain pathway of renal calculi?

A

Dull ache in the kidney followed by severe pain when they enter the ureter

48
Q

What happens if renal calculi become lodged in the ureter?

A

Restriction of urinary flow

49
Q

What is a possible treatment to break up renal calculi?

A

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

50
Q

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) doesn’t work for renal calculi of what composition?

A

Uric acid crystals

51
Q

What is the nickname for nephroptosis?

A

“Floating Kidney”

52
Q

What is nephroptosis?

A

When the kidney becomes hypermobile and moves downward within the renal fascia

53
Q

Where can the kidney descend to during nephroptosis?

A

Into the pelvis

54
Q

During nephroptosis, what movement can lead to the twisting of blood vessels and the ureter?

A

The kidney turning upside down

55
Q

Nephroptosis is more common among what group of people?

A

Very thin people

Gross II Final (9 decks)

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