KHP Final Exam Flashcards by Macy Cotton

By the end of the 20th century what happened to the death rate of infections diseases

Fell to about 2%

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Infection

Disease or condition caused by a microorganism

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What is the chain of infection

The process by which an infectious agent or pathogen passes from one organism to another

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Pathogen

Infectious agent capable of causing diseasse

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Vector

Animal or insect that transmits a pathogen from an infected host to a new host

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Virulence

Speed and intensity in which a pathogen is likely to cause an infection

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Epidemic

Widespread outbreak of a disease that affects a lot of people

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Physical and Chemical Barriers

Skin
Hair
Lungs are protected by the cough reflex and cilia
Saliva
Stomach acids
Small intestines- bile and enzymes break down pathogens
Vagina is slightly acidic and doesn’t allow for the growth of abnormal bacteria

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Innate immune system

Part of the immune system designed to rapidly dispose of pathogens in a nonspecific manner

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Types of innate immune system

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Natural killer

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Acquired immune system

Lymphocytes
T cells
B cells

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Vaccine

Preparation of weakened or killed microorganisms administered to confer immunity

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Controlleable Risk factors for infection

Eating a balanced diet
Exercising
Getting enough sleep
Managing stress
Receive in vaccinations
Good hygiene
Protecting skin from damage
Avoiding tobacco and environmental tobacco smoke

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Uncontrollable risk factors for infection

Age
Genetics
Uncontrollable sociocultural factors
Overcrowded living environments
Poverty

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Disruption of immunity

The immune system can malfunction due to:
Autoimmune disease
Allergies
Stress

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Antibiotic resistance- two factors

Frequency- resistant genes arise naturally among bacteria through mutation
Inappropriate use of antibiotics in healthcare

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4 leading causes of global infectious disease mortality

Pneumonia
Diarrhea
Tuberculosis
Malaria

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Most common infectious disease

Tuberculosis

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What is the most common infectious disease on campuses

Pertussis
Whooping cough

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What are the 4 methods of transmission of HIV/AIDS

Needle injections
Blood
Sexual contact
Mother to child

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What continent has the highest amount of people living with HIV

Africa

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What is the most common bacterial STI

Chlamydia

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What is the most common viral STI

Human papilloma virus HPV

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Cardiovascular disease

Any disease involving heart or blood vessels

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What is the leading cause of death in the United States

Cardiovascular disease

What is a disease process underlying many forms of CVD

Atherosclerosis

What is atherosclerosis

Hardening of the arteries

What makes up the largest percentage of deaths from CVD

Coronary Heart Disease

What is the cardiovascular system

The heart and blood vessels that circulate blood throughout the body

Pulmonary circulation

Pumping of oxygen poor blood to the lungs and oxygen rich blood back to heart by the right side of the heart

Systematic circulation

Pumping of oxygen rich blood to the body and oxygen poor blood back to the heart by the left side of the heart

Ischemia

Insufficient blood supply to the tissue

Myocardia infarction

Heart attack

Coronary thrombosis

Blockage of the coronary artery

Angina

Chest pain

Arrhythmia

Irregular or disorganized heartbeat

What is a normal adult heart rate

60-100

Another name for stroke

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Rankings for cerebrovascular accident in death

4th leading cause

What are the different types of stroke

Ischemic- thrombus and embolism Hemorrhagic- Transient Ischemic attacks (TIA) mini stroke

What is congestive heart failure

Condition where heart is not pumping the blood as well as it should, allowing blood and fluid to back up into the lungs

what causes rheumatic heart disease

Untreated strep

Cardiomyopathy

Disease of the heart muscle

What is life’s simple seven

Avoid tobacco Eat a healthy diet Be physically active Maintain a healthy BMI Maintain a healthy BP Maintain a healthy glucose levels Maintain healthy cholesterol

Systolic pressure

Top number

Diastolic

Bottom number

Normal blood pressure

120/80

Elevated BP

120-129/less than 80

Hypertension

130-139/80-90

What are contributing factors in cardiovascular health

Triglyceride levels Alcohol intake Mental well-being Sleep Age Gender and postmenopausal status Genetics and family history Socioeconomic status

What is diabetes

Metabolic disorder in which production or use of insulin

Type 1 diabetes

The pancreas produces little to no insulin

Type 2 diabetes

Obesity is the leading cause The body’s cells become resistant to insulin

What are risk factors for diabetes

Higher abdominal fat Lack of physical activity HDL under 40 for men, 50 for woman Waist circumference at or above 40” for men, or 35” for woman

What are chronic lung diseases

Lower respiratory diseases

Chronic lung disease is the _____ leading cause of death

Thrid

Most common forms of chronic lung disease

Asthma Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Triggered by smoking infection and pollution

Cancer

A condition characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells

Colonial growth

Replication of a single cell that’s produces 1,000 copies in a uncontrolled membrane

What is the most common type of cancer

Breast and prostate

What is the most deadly type of cancer

Lung

Stem cell

Undifferentiated cell

Initiating event in the cells DNA allows a cell to evade normal cell restraints

Error in duplication Exposure to carcinogen Radiation

Benign

Slow growth unlikely to spread

Malignant

Capable of spreading

How are cancers classified

According to the tissue in which they originate called the primary site

What is the stage

Description of how far the cancer has spread

What are types of cancer

Carcinomas Sarcoma Leukimia Lymphomas

Carcinoma

Cancer that raised from epithelial tissue

Sarcoma

In connective tissue, tendon bone ligament

Leukemia

Cancer in the blood

Lymphoma

Lymph nodes

What are risk factors for cancer

Family history Lifestyle factors Social and economic factors Environmental factors

What are breast cancers risk factors

Early first menstration Late onset of menopause Having no children or having children after 30 Hormone replacement after menopause

What are the signs and symptoms of prostate cancer

None

What are the three types of skin cancer

Melanoma Squamous Basil cell carcinoma

ABCDE spread of skin cancer

Asymmetry Border irregularities Color variation Diameter larger than 1/4 inch Evolving