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Gene and the Hell > Keywords > Flashcards

Keywords Flashcards

1
Q

Central dogma

A

The central dogma of molecular biology is “DNA makes RNA and RNA makes protein”

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2
Q

Cell biology

A

The branch of biology dealing with the study of cells; formation, structure and function

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3
Q

Gene

A

A distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosomes, the order of which determines the order of monomers in a polypeptide/nucleic acid molecule which a cell may synthesise

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4
Q

Replication

A

Biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule

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5
Q

Polymerase

A

An enzyme that synthesises long chains of polymers/nucleic acid

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6
Q

Helicase

A

An enzyme that utilises energy from nucleotide triphosphate hydrolysis in order to unwind the two annealed nucleic acid strands

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7
Q

Ligase

A

A specific type of enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalysing the formation of a phosphodiester bond

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8
Q

Primase

A

An enzyme that synthesises short RNA sequences called primers; they serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis

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9
Q

Primer

A

A short single strand of RNA or DNA that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis

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10
Q

Leading Strand

A

Strand of DNA being replicated continuously

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11
Q

Lagging Strand

A

Undergoes replication discontinuously in small fragments

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12
Q

Replication Origin

A

A particular sequence in a genome where replication is initiated

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13
Q

Telomere

A

A region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromosome, which protects the end of a chromosome from deterioration

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14
Q

PCR

A

Polymerase chain reaction is a fast technique used to ‘amplify’ small segments of DNA

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15
Q

Chain Termination

A

A set of three adjacent bases in the DNA that specifies the end of a polypeptide chain

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16
Q

Template

A

A molecular mold that shapes the structures or sequence of another molecule

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17
Q

Reverse Complement

A

Converts a DNA sequence into its reverse, complement or reverse-complement counterpart

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18
Q

Quality Score

A

Numeric probability that determines if a base is accurately sequenced

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19
Q

Dioxynucleotide

A

Chain-elongating inhibitors of DNA polymerase

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20
Q

Deoxynucleotide

A

Components of DNA, containing phosphate, sugar and organic bases

21
Q

Base Pairs

A

Any of the pairs of nucleotides connecting the complementary strands of a molecule of DNA/RNA, consisting of a purine to a pyrimidine by hydrogen bonding

22
Q

Promoter

A

DNA sequences located in the 5’ region adjacent to the transcriptional start site

23
Q

Transcriptional Start Site

A

The location where transcription starts at the 5’ end of a gene sequence

24
Q

Terminator Site

A

DNA sequence at the end of a transcription unit that causes RNA polymerase to stop transcription

25
Q

Core RNA Polymerase

A

Consists of 5 subunits (alpha, alpha’, beta, beta’ w) and is free of sigma factors

26
Q

RNA Polymerase Holoenzyme

A

A form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-encoding genes in living cells

27
Q

Sigma Factor

A

A protein needed for initiation of transcription in bacteria; it enables specific binding of RNA polymers to gene promoters

28
Q

Closed Complex

A

It’s formed following the binding of the enzyme RNA polymerase and holoenzyme to the DNA strand in the promoter region

29
Q

Open Complex

A

After binding to the DNA, the RNA polymerase switches from a closed complex to an open complex. This change involves the separation of the DNA strands to form an unwound section of DNA

30
Q

Core promoter

A

A portion of the proximal promoter that contains the transcription start sites

31
Q

TFIID

A

The first protein to bind to DNA during the formation of the pre-initiation transcription complex of RNA polymerase II

32
Q

TFIIB

A

A general transcription factor that is involved in the formation of the RNA polymerase II pre-initiation complex and aids in stimulating transcription initiation

33
Q

TFIIH

A

An important protein complex, having roles in transcription of various protein-coding genes and DNA nucleotide excision repair pathways

34
Q

Activator

A

A protein that increases gene transcription of a gene or set of genes

35
Q

CTD of Pol II

A

One of three RNAP enzymes found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; it catalyses the transcription of DNA to synthesise precursors of mRNA

36
Q

Intron

A

A segment of a DNA or RNA molecule which does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes

37
Q

Exon

A

A segment of a DNA or RNA molecule containing information coding for a protein or peptide sequence.

38
Q

Complementary Strand

A

Either of the two chains that make up a double helix of DNA, with corresponding positions on the two chains being composed of a pair of complementary bases

39
Q

Spliceosome

A

is a large and complex molecular machine found primarily within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and removes introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA

40
Q

Gene Expression

A

It is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product

41
Q

5’ Cap

A

The 5′ cap (cap-0), found on the 5′ end of an mRNA molecule, consists of a guanine nucleotide connected to mRNA via an unusual 5′ to 5′ triphosphate linkage

42
Q

Poly A Tail

A

It consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine base

43
Q

Operon

A

It is a segment of DNA containing adjacent genes including structural genes, an operator gene, and a regulatory gene

44
Q

Transcription Regulatory Proteins

A

Any protein that influences the regions of a DNA molecule that are transcribed by RNA polymerase during the process of transcription

45
Q

Repressor

A

A repressor is a protein that binds to a short specific DNA sequence and controls the expression of a gene or operon and is a negatively acting regulatory protein.

46
Q

Inducer

A

An inducer is a molecule that regulates gene expression and can bind to protein repressors or activators

47
Q

Regulatory Sequence

A

A regulatory sequence is a segment of a nucleic acid molecule which is capable of increasing or decreasing the expression of specific genes within an organism

48
Q

Operator

A

An operator is a segment of DNA to which a transcription factor binds to regulate gene expression by repressing it

49
Q

Polycistronic mRNA

A

Polycistronic mRNA is a mRNA that encodes several proteins and is characteristic of many bacterial and chloroplast mRNAs

Gene and the Hell (3 decks)

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