Keywords 3 Flashcards
Translocation
Chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous (different) chromosomes
Ribosome binding site
A sequence of nucleotides upstream of the start codon of an mRNA transcript that is responsible for the recruitment of a ribosome during the initiation of protein translation
f-met-tRNA met
Derivative of the amino acid methionine in which a formyl group has been added to the amino group
Translocation factor
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Initiation factor
Proteins that bind to the small subunit of the ribosome during the initiation of translation
Elongation factors
A set of proteins that are used in protein synthesis in the process of cell cycle and elongation in some cells
Peptidyl transferase activity
Primary enzymatic function of the ribosome
Alpha carbon
Carbon that is one carbon away from an aldehyde or ketone group
Peptide bond
An amide type of covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive alpha-amino acids
N-terminal amine
Start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group (-NH2) located at the end of a polypeptide
C-terminal carboxyl
End of an amino acid chain, terminated by a free carboxyl group
Peptide
Peptides are short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds
Side chain
A chemical group that is attached to the backbone
Post-translational modification
Covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins following protein biosynthesis
Phosphorylation
Attachment of a phosphoryl group
Propeptide
Part of a protein that is cleaved during maturation or activation
Motif
A compact 3-D protein structure of several adjacent elements of a secondary structure
Haploid
A cell has half the usual number of chromosomes
Diploid
Contain two complete sets (2n) of chromosomes
Gamete
A haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilisation in organisms that sexually reproduce
Somatic cell
Any cell other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte or undifferentiated stem cell
Homologous chromosomes
A set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during meiosis
Sister chromatids
The identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome
Crossing over
The exchange of genetic material between 2 homologous chromosomes’ non-sister chromatids
Mitosis
Part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei
Meiosis
A specialised type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells
Cytokinesis
Process during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells
Point mutation (substitution)
A single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a sequence of DNA or RNA.
Missense mutation
A single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid; type of non-synonymous substitution
Nonsense mutation
Results in a premature stop codon, or a point-nonsense codon in the transcribed mRNA
Silent mutation
Mutations that do not have an observable effect on the organism’s phenotype
Frameshift mutation
A genetic mutation caused by indels of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three.
Chromosomal rearrangement
A mutation that is a type of chromosome abnormality involving a change in the structure of the native chromosome
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
A variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome
Genetic marker
A gene/DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species
Tumour suppressor (antioncogene)
A gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer
Oncogene
A gene that has the potential to cause cancer
Gene therapy
Therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient’s cells as a drug to treat disease
