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Gene and the Hell > Keywords 2 > Flashcards

Keywords 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Polycistronic mRNA

A

Prokaryotes: contains codons of more than one cistron and codes for more than one protein

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2
Q

Constitutive

A

A gene that is transcribed at a relatively constant level

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3
Q

Inducible

A

To cause an increase in the transcription of the RNA of a gene

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4
Q

Catabolite repression

A

Allows micro-organisms to adapt quickly to a preferred carbon and energy source first

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5
Q

Consensus sequences

A

The calculated order of most frequent residues found at each position in a sequence alignment

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6
Q

Structural gene

A

Codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor

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7
Q

Regulatory gene

A

A gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes

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8
Q

Core promoter

A

A region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene

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9
Q

General (basal) transcription factor (GTFs)

A

Bind to specific sites (promoter) on DNA to activate transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA

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10
Q

Transcriptional activator (repressor protein)

A

A protein that increases gene transcription of a gene or set of genes

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11
Q

Transcription factor (sequence specific)

A

A transcription factor is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence

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12
Q

Enhancer

A

A short (50–1500 bp) region of DNA that can be bound by protein activators to increase the likelihood that transcription of a particular gene will occur

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13
Q

DNA binding domain

A

An independently folded protein domain that contains at least one structural motif that recognises double- or single-stranded DNA

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14
Q

Dimerisation domain

A

A macromolecular complex formed by two protein monomers, or single proteins, which are usually non-covalently bound

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15
Q

Activation domain

A

Similar to transcription factor

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16
Q

Cooperativity

A

An interaction between molecules that results in a stable physical association between those molecules

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17
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence

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18
Q

5-methylcytosine

A

A methylated form of the DNA base cytosine that may be involved in the regulation of gene transcription

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19
Q

DNA methyltransferase

A

Family of enzymes that catalyse the transfer of a methyl group to DNA

20
Q

CpG islands

A

Regions with a high frequency of CpG sites

21
Q

Chromatin modification

A

The dynamic modification of chromatin architecture to allow access of condensed genomic DNA to the regulatory transcription machinery proteins, and thereby control gene expression

22
Q

Chromatin remodelling

A

The dynamic modification of chromatin architecture to allow access of condensed genomic DNA to the regulatory transcription machinery proteins, and thereby control gene expression

23
Q

Nucleosome

A

A basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around eight histone protein cores

24
Q

Histone code

A

The transcription of genetic information encoded in DNA is in part regulated by chemical modifications to histone proteins

25
Q

Histone acetylase

A

Enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine amino acids on histone proteins by transferring an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA

26
Q

Histone deacetylase

A

Class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups from an ε-N-acetyl lysine amino acid on a histone

27
Q

Euchromatin

A

A lightly packed form of chromatin that is enriched in genes, and is often under active transcription

28
Q

Heterochromatin

A

A tightly packed form of DNA or condensed DNA, which comes in multiple varieties

29
Q

Insulators/boundary elements

A

A type of cis-regulatory element known as a long-range regulatory element

30
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

An epigenetic phenomenon that causes genes to be expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner

31
Q

Translation

A

The process in which ribosomes synthesise proteins after the process of transcription

32
Q

Ribosome

A

Complex molecular machine that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis

33
Q

Amino acid

A

Organic compounds containing amine and carboxyl functional groups, along with a side chain specific to each amino acid

34
Q

Genetic code

A

Set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material into proteins

35
Q

Redundancy

A

Situations where a given biochemical function is redundantly encoded by two or more genes

36
Q

mRNA

A

Convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression

37
Q

tRNA

A

An adaptor molecule composed of RNA that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins

38
Q

rRNA

A

RNA component of the ribosome, and is essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms

39
Q

Codon

A

Unit that consists of 3 adjacent bases on a DNA molecule that determines the position of a specific amino acid in a protein molecule during protein synthesis

40
Q

Anticodon

A

Triplet of nucleotides in transfer RNA that is complementary to the codon in messenger RNA that specifies the amino acid

41
Q

Charged (aminoacyl)-tRNA

A

tRNA to which its cognated amino acid is chemically bonded (charged)

42
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (tRNA ligase)

A

An enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto its tRNA

43
Q

‘Wobble base’

A

Pairing between two nucleotides in RNA molecules that does not follow base pair rules.

44
Q

Ribozyme

A

RNA molecules that are capable of catalysing specific biochemical reactions, similar to the action of protein enzymes

45
Q

Start codon

A

First codon of an mRNA transcript translated by a ribosome

46
Q

Stop codon

A

Nucleotide triplet within mRNA that signals a termination of translation into proteins

47
Q

A-site

A

First binding site in the ribosome

Gene and the Hell (3 decks)

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