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History Paper 3:Nazi Germany > KeyTopic1:The Weimar Republic 1918-29 > Flashcards

KeyTopic1:The Weimar Republic 1918-29 Flashcards

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1
Q

the legacy of ww1

A

defeat in the WW1 in 1918 led to a revolution in Germany

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2
Q

armistice

A

the agreement to end hostilities in the war

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3
Q

coalition government

A

two or more political parties joined to form a government when no single political party gets a majority of seats, in order to have sufficient support to pass laws

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4
Q

constitution

A

the basic principles according to which a country is governed

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5
Q

proportional representation

A

the number of votes won by a party determines the number of seats they get in parliament

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6
Q

Weimar republic

A

the republic that existed in Germany 1919-33

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7
Q

key individual: Kaiser Wilhelm

A

the last German Emporer, ruling from 1888-1918

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8
Q

when did WW1 start

A

1914

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9
Q

what did the USA do in April 1917

A

join allies against Germany

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10
Q

what was happening to the Germany army in early autumn of 1918

A

they were being pushed back in France

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11
Q

what caused the shortages of food for the Germans

A

the British naval blockade

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12
Q

what happened in early October 1918

A

a new government was formed and led by Prince Max of Baden, he approached US president Wilson about ending the war. Wilson said that he would not discuss peace with Germany while Kaiser Wilhelm and his military advisors were in control

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13
Q

what happened at the end of October 1918

A

the German navy mutinied. Sailors at Kiel refused to put to sea and fight the British, unrest began to spread across Germany

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14
Q

9th November

A

Kaiser Wilhelm’s abdication was announced

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15
Q

10th November

A

new republic set up under Chancellor Ebert

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16
Q

11th November

A

Ebert signed the armistice with the allies

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17
Q

January 1919

A

a new democratic constitution was set up

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18
Q

August 1919

A

the new constitution was finalised

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19
Q

strengths of the new constitution

A

most advanced democracy in Europe (men and women had the vote at age 20, Britain was 21 for men and 30 for women), the President was elected every seven years and appointed the Chancellor, the Reichstag had the power to pass or reject changes in the law, established the right of free speech and freedom of religious belief

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20
Q

how were members of the Reichstag elected

A

by proportional representation every 4 years

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21
Q

weaknesses of the new constitution

A

Article 48 said that in an emergency the President could rule by decree, proportional representation led to small parties getting seats as no party was large enough to secure a majority, army general and judges were the same men who had served the Kaiser so they opposed the Weimar republic

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22
Q

wha is the issue with coalition governments

A

often weak and short-lived

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23
Q

main reasons for the Republic’s early unpopularity

A

“stab in the back” theory and the Treaty of Versailles

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24
Q

“stab in the back” theory

A

the belief that Germany could have won the war and that politicians had stabbed the army in the back at the end of the war

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25
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

the peace treaty ending the First World War

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26
Q

when was the treaty of Versailles signed

A

28th June 1919

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27
Q

key features of the Treaty of Versailles

A

demilitarised the Rhineland, army reduced to 100,000, no tanks/ military aircraft/submarines, lost 13% of its land, reparations £6.6 billion, Germany had to accept the blame for the war

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28
Q

reparations

A

war damages to be paid by Germany to countries it had fought against

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29
Q

opposition from the left

A

the Spartacists

30
Q

the Spartacists

A

a communist group who wanted to create a communist state

31
Q

who led the Spartacist revolt

A

Rosa Luxembourg and Karl Liebknecht

32
Q

December 1918/January 1919

A

Spartacist revolt, 16 died in clashes with the army, they formed the German Communist Party and on 5th January 1919 staged an uprising in Berlin to overthrow the government and create a communist state, the rising was crushed and both leaders were killed

33
Q

opposition from the right

A

the Kapp Putsch

34
Q

Freikorps

A

private armies set up by the German army officers at the end of WW1: mainly consisted of ex-soldiers

35
Q

March 1920

A

Freikorps angry about ToV attempted to take power in Berlin through a putsch, Kapp set up a new right-wing government in Berlin, the army wouldn’t stop the putsch showing the lack of support for the new republic, Berlin workers supported Weimar and went on strike; the putsch collapsed

36
Q

putsch

A

an attempt to seize power by force

37
Q

challenges of 1923

A

the government couldn’t pay their first war reparation, the french invaded the Ruhr, the workers chose passive resistance and went on strike, fewer goods were being produced so the government printed more money to pay the strikers which turned into hyperinflation

38
Q

January 1923

A

the French invaded the Ruhr

39
Q

November 1923

A

the German mark became worthless $1= 4,200,000,000

40
Q

hyperinflation

A

extremely high inflation, where the value o money plummets and it becomes almost worthless

41
Q

hyperinflation losers

A

pensions were worthless, saving’s lost all value, wages couldn’t keep up with inflation so people couldn’t afford necessities

42
Q

hyperinflation winners

A

businesses could pay off debt, rise in food prices helped farmers

43
Q

Reasons for economic recovery

A 
Role of stresemann 
American loans
Rentenmark
Young plan 
Dawes plan
44
Q

Role of stresemann

A

August 1923
Stresemann was appointed chancellor to deal with the problems of hyperinflation
He called off passive resistance in the Ruhr and negotiated the Dawes plan

45
Q

Dawes plan

A

1924

Restructure Germany’s annual reparations payments

46
Q

Kellogg-Briand pact

A

International agreement to solve all disputes peacefully

47
Q

League of Nations

A

International body established after the First World War to maintain peace

48
Q

Locarno pact

A

Series of agreements guaranteeing Germany’s frontiers with neighbouring countries

49
Q

Rentenmark

A

New currency brought in by stresemann to restore the value of the mark

50
Q

Young plan

A

1929

Reduce réparation payments

51
Q

Purpose of rentenmark

A

November 1923
Temporary measure to stabilise the currency and restore confidence
Value was based on property values rather than gold reserves

52
Q

What was the rentenmark turned into

A

The Reichsmark

53
Q

Features of the Dawes plan

A

Payments were staged to match Germany’s capacity to pay
Payments began at 1 billion marks for the first year and increased over a period of 4 years to 2.5 billion marks a year
In return the French withdrew from the Ruhr

54
Q

Features of American loans

A

Dawes plan aimed to boost the German economy through US loans
Over the next 6 years US companies gave kind of nearly $3 billion

55
Q

Young plan features

A

1929
Timescale for payment was set with Germany making payments until 1988
Réparation figure reduced from 6 billion to 1.85 billion

56
Q

Stresemann s achievements abroad

A

Improved relations with Britain and France by ending passive resistance in the Ruhr
Germany had become a member of the League of Nations and earned a permanent seat in September 1926
1928 Germany signed the Kellogg Briand pact along with 64 other nations to keep armies for self defence but resolve all future disputes by peaceful means

57
Q

Changes in standard of living

A

Wages housing architecture unemployment insurance

58
Q

Changes in standard of living wages

A

Increased each year after 1924 benefitting German workers, 1928 germany had some of the best paid workers in Europe
Whilst unemployment fell generally it remained high in professions such as lawyers, civil servants and teacher

59
Q

Changes in standard of living housing

A

Weimar government also attempted to deal with a shortage of housing
Between 1924 and 1931 2 million new homes were built and by 1928 homelessness had been reduced by more than 60%

60
Q

Changes in standard of living architecture

A

A new group of architects and designers emerged called the Bauhaus who used bold designs and unusual materials and basic shapes and colours

61
Q

Bauhaus

A

An architectural movement meaning school of building

62
Q

Unemployment welfare

A

Payments made to the unemployed by the state

63
Q

Changes in standard of living unemployment insurance

A

Unemployment insurance law 1927 required workers and employees to make contributions to a national scheme for unemployment welfare

64
Q

Changes in the position of women

A

Politics
Leisure
Employment

65
Q

Changes in the position of women politics

A

1919 women over 20 had the vote
Weimar constitution introduced equality in education, equal opportunity in the civil service appointments and equal pay in the professions
1926 there were 32women deputies in the Reichstag

66
Q

Changes in the position of women leisure

A

Women enjoyed more freedom socially:
They went out unescorted and drank and smoked in public
They were fashion conscious often wearing shorter skirts
They had their hair cut short and wore makeup

67
Q

Changes in the position of women employment

A

Growing amount of women in the civil service and teaching
Women payed same as men in civil service
1933 100,000 women teachers and 3000 women doctors

68
Q

Cultural changes

A

Art cinema

69
Q

Cultural changes art

A

New objectivity was a new approach to art which portrayed society in an objective way, associated with painters such as George Grosz and Otto Dix

70
Q

Cultural changes cinema

A

Golden age for German cinema
Fritz Lang produces metropolis 1927 which was the most technically advanced films of the decade
Marlene dietrich was one of the most popular film stars in the world and played strong glamorous women

History Paper 3:Nazi Germany (4 decks)

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