Key Words (GNI) Flashcards
Atomic mass unit
1/12 th of the mass of one atom of carbon 12. Everything else is measured relatively to this quantity
Atomic number
The number of protons In the nucleus
Mass number
The number of protons + neutrons in the nucleuns
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and differnt masses. Isotopes have the same atomic number but a different mass number
Relative atomic mass
The weighted mean mass of an atom of an element relative to one 1/12th of the mass of an atoms of carbon 12
Relative isotopic mass
The mass of an isotope relative to 1/12th of the mass of an atom of carbon-12
Relative formula mass
Compares the mass of a formula unit with the mass of an atom of carbon-12
Orbitals
Region in space where there is a high probability of finding an electron
Isoelectronic
Same electron configuration
Electronegativity
A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons
Polarity
The unequal sharing of electron in a bond, if the electron sharing is equal it is described as non polar
Ionisation energy
The amount of energy requires to remove one electron form each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms of an element to from one more of gaseous 1+ ions
Hydrocarbon
A compound made of hydrogen and carbon atoms only
Saturated
Has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible (around the carbon atom in a hydrocarbon)
Unsaturated
An organic compound with a double / triple bond capable of adding subsitiuents through addition reactions
Homologous series
An organic compound with the same functional group and similar chemical properties
Each member differing by CH2
Functional group
An atom of group of atoms in an organic molecule, that determines its characteristic chemical and physical properties
Isomer
Same molecular formula, but different structure of spatial arrangements of the atom within the molecule
Structural isomer
Same molecular formula but differnt structures
Radical
A species with an unpaired valence electron
Curly Arrow
Shows the movement of a pair of electrons
Mechanism
The steps undergone by a chemical reaction as itis occurring
Homolytic fission
covalent bond breaks evenly, and each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond
Heterolytic fission
covalent bond breaks, and unequal sharing of the shared pair of electrons results in one of the bonded atoms accepting the bonded pair of electrons
Nucleophile
A species that donates a pair of electrons (is attracted to a positive centre)
Electrophile
A species that accepts a pair of electrons
(‘electron loving’)
Stereoisomers
Same structural formula but differnt arrangements of atoms in space
Addition polymer
A very long molecular chain formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules
Addition polymerisation
The process in which unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers) add pm to growing polymer chain one at a time to form a very long saturated molecular chain
Addition reaction
A reactiom in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule
Alicyclic
A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure
Aliphatic
A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or unbranched chains
Alkanes
The homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+2
Biodegradable material
A substance that is broken down naturally in the environment by living organisms
Carbocation
An organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge
Dehydration
An elimination reaction in which water is removed form saturated molecules to make an unsaturated molecule
Displayed formula
A formula showing the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them
E/Z isomerism
A type of stereoismerism in which differnt groups attached to each carbon of a c=c double bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the C=C bond
Electrophillic addition
A type of reaction in which an electrophillic is attracted to an electron rich centre or atom, where accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond
Elimination reaction.
The removal of a molecule form a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule
Functional group
The part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions
General formula
The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series
Homologous series
A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing f by CH2
Markownikoff rule
Used to predict product in addition reactions to an unsymmetrical alkene
Mechanisms
a sequence of steps showing the path taken by electrons in a reaction
Molecular formula
The number of atoms of each element in a molecule
Monomer
A small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer
Pi bond
the reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of p orbitals
Polymer
A long molecular chain built form monomer units
Propagation
The two repeated steps in radical substitution that build up the products in a chain reaction
Radical
Species with an unpaired electron
Saturated hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon with single bonds only
Skeletal formula
A simplified organic formula with hydrogen atoms removed form alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional group
Structural formula
A formula showing the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
Stratosphere
The second layer of the earths atmosphere contains the ozone later
About 10km to 50km above the earths surface
Structural isomers
Molecular with the same molecular formula but differnt structural arrangement of atoms
Termination
The step at the end of a radical substitution when 2 radicals combine to from a molecule
Troposphere
The lowest layer of the earths atmosphere extending form the earths surface up to about 7km and to about 20km
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon contains carbon to carbon multiple bonds
Average bond enthalpy
The average enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mol if a given type of bond in the molecules of a gaseous species
Bond enthalpy
The enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1. Ole of a given bond in the molecule of a gaseous species
Greenhouse effect t
The process in which the absorption and subsequent emission of infrared radiation by the atmospheric gases a
Warms the lower atmosphere and the planets surface
Hydrolysis
A reaction with water or aqueous hydroxide ions that breaks a chemical compound into two compounds
Nucleophilic substitution
A type of susbstitution reaction in which a nucleophilic id attracted to an electron deficient centre or atoms, where it donates a pair of electron to form a new covalent bond
Reflux
The continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure that the reaction takes place without the contents of the flask boiling dry
Substitution reaction
A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a differnt atom or group of atoms
Fragmentation
The process in mass spectrometry that causes a positive ion to split into pieces, one of which is a positives fragment
ion
Esterification
The reaction of an alcohol with a Carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water
