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A-level Chemistry <3 > Key Words (GNI) > Flashcards

Key Words (GNI) Flashcards

1
Q

Atomic mass unit

A

1/12 th of the mass of one atom of carbon 12. Everything else is measured relatively to this quantity

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2
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons In the nucleus

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3
Q

Mass number

A

The number of protons + neutrons in the nucleuns

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4
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and differnt masses. Isotopes have the same atomic number but a different mass number

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5
Q

Relative atomic mass

A

The weighted mean mass of an atom of an element relative to one 1/12th of the mass of an atoms of carbon 12

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6
Q

Relative isotopic mass

A

The mass of an isotope relative to 1/12th of the mass of an atom of carbon-12

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7
Q

Relative formula mass

A

Compares the mass of a formula unit with the mass of an atom of carbon-12

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8
Q

Orbitals

A

Region in space where there is a high probability of finding an electron

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9
Q

Isoelectronic

A

Same electron configuration

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10
Q

Electronegativity

A

A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons

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11
Q

Polarity

A

The unequal sharing of electron in a bond, if the electron sharing is equal it is described as non polar

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12
Q

Ionisation energy

A

The amount of energy requires to remove one electron form each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms of an element to from one more of gaseous 1+ ions

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13
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

A compound made of hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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14
Q

Saturated

A

Has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible (around the carbon atom in a hydrocarbon)

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15
Q

Unsaturated

A

An organic compound with a double / triple bond capable of adding subsitiuents through addition reactions

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16
Q

Homologous series

A

An organic compound with the same functional group and similar chemical properties
Each member differing by CH2

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17
Q

Functional group

A

An atom of group of atoms in an organic molecule, that determines its characteristic chemical and physical properties

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18
Q

Isomer

A

Same molecular formula, but different structure of spatial arrangements of the atom within the molecule

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19
Q

Structural isomer

A

Same molecular formula but differnt structures

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20
Q

Radical

A

A species with an unpaired valence electron

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21
Q

Curly Arrow

A

Shows the movement of a pair of electrons

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22
Q

Mechanism

A

The steps undergone by a chemical reaction as itis occurring

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23
Q

Homolytic fission

A

covalent bond breaks evenly, and each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond

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24
Q

Heterolytic fission

A

covalent bond breaks, and unequal sharing of the shared pair of electrons results in one of the bonded atoms accepting the bonded pair of electrons

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25
Nucleophile
A species that donates a pair of electrons (is attracted to a positive centre)
26
Electrophile
A species that accepts a pair of electrons (‘electron loving’)
27
Stereoisomers
Same structural formula but differnt arrangements of atoms in space
28
Addition polymer
A very long molecular chain formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules
29
Addition polymerisation
The process in which unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers) add pm to growing polymer chain one at a time to form a very long saturated molecular chain
30
Addition reaction
A reactiom in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule
31
Alicyclic
A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure
32
Aliphatic
A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or unbranched chains
33
Alkanes
The homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+2
34
Biodegradable material
A substance that is broken down naturally in the environment by living organisms
35
Carbocation
An organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge
36
Dehydration
An elimination reaction in which water is removed form saturated molecules to make an unsaturated molecule
37
Displayed formula
A formula showing the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them
38
E/Z isomerism
A type of stereoismerism in which differnt groups attached to each carbon of a c=c double bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the C=C bond
39
Electrophillic addition
A type of reaction in which an electrophillic is attracted to an electron rich centre or atom, where accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond
40
Elimination reaction.
The removal of a molecule form a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule
41
Functional group
The part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions
42
General formula
The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series
43
Homologous series
A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing f by CH2
44
Markownikoff rule
Used to predict product in addition reactions to an unsymmetrical alkene
45
Mechanisms
a sequence of steps showing the path taken by electrons in a reaction
46
Molecular formula
The number of atoms of each element in a molecule
47
Monomer
A small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer
48
Pi bond
the reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of p orbitals
49
Polymer
A long molecular chain built form monomer units
50
Propagation
The two repeated steps in radical substitution that build up the products in a chain reaction
51
Radical
Species with an unpaired electron
52
Saturated hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon with single bonds only
53
Skeletal formula
A simplified organic formula with hydrogen atoms removed form alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional group
54
Structural formula
A formula showing the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
55
Stratosphere
The second layer of the earths atmosphere contains the ozone later About 10km to 50km above the earths surface
56
Structural isomers
Molecular with the same molecular formula but differnt structural arrangement of atoms
57
Termination
The step at the end of a radical substitution when 2 radicals combine to from a molecule
58
Troposphere
The lowest layer of the earths atmosphere extending form the earths surface up to about 7km and to about 20km
59
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon contains carbon to carbon multiple bonds
60
Average bond enthalpy
The average enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mol if a given type of bond in the molecules of a gaseous species
61
Bond enthalpy
The enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1. Ole of a given bond in the molecule of a gaseous species
62
Greenhouse effect t
The process in which the absorption and subsequent emission of infrared radiation by the atmospheric gases a Warms the lower atmosphere and the planets surface
63
Hydrolysis
A reaction with water or aqueous hydroxide ions that breaks a chemical compound into two compounds
64
Nucleophilic substitution
A type of susbstitution reaction in which a nucleophilic id attracted to an electron deficient centre or atoms, where it donates a pair of electron to form a new covalent bond
65
Reflux
The continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure that the reaction takes place without the contents of the flask boiling dry
66
Substitution reaction
A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a differnt atom or group of atoms
67
Fragmentation
The process in mass spectrometry that causes a positive ion to split into pieces, one of which is a positives fragment ion
68
Esterification
The reaction of an alcohol with a Carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water

A-level Chemistry <3 (9 decks)

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