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A-level Chemistry <3 > Key Words (GNI) > Flashcards

Key Words (GNI) Flashcards

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1
Q

Atomic mass unit

A

1/12 th of the mass of one atom of carbon 12. Everything else is measured relatively to this quantity

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2
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons In the nucleus

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3
Q

Mass number

A

The number of protons + neutrons in the nucleuns

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4
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and differnt masses. Isotopes have the same atomic number but a different mass number

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5
Q

Relative atomic mass

A

The weighted mean mass of an atom of an element relative to one 1/12th of the mass of an atoms of carbon 12

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6
Q

Relative isotopic mass

A

The mass of an isotope relative to 1/12th of the mass of an atom of carbon-12

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7
Q

Relative formula mass

A

Compares the mass of a formula unit with the mass of an atom of carbon-12

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8
Q

Orbitals

A

Region in space where there is a high probability of finding an electron

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9
Q

Isoelectronic

A

Same electron configuration

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10
Q

Electronegativity

A

A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons

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11
Q

Polarity

A

The unequal sharing of electron in a bond, if the electron sharing is equal it is described as non polar

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12
Q

Ionisation energy

A

The amount of energy requires to remove one electron form each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms of an element to from one more of gaseous 1+ ions

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13
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

A compound made of hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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14
Q

Saturated

A

Has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible (around the carbon atom in a hydrocarbon)

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15
Q

Unsaturated

A

An organic compound with a double / triple bond capable of adding subsitiuents through addition reactions

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16
Q

Homologous series

A

An organic compound with the same functional group and similar chemical properties
Each member differing by CH2

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17
Q

Functional group

A

An atom of group of atoms in an organic molecule, that determines its characteristic chemical and physical properties

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18
Q

Isomer

A

Same molecular formula, but different structure of spatial arrangements of the atom within the molecule

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19
Q

Structural isomer

A

Same molecular formula but differnt structures

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20
Q

Radical

A

A species with an unpaired valence electron

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21
Q

Curly Arrow

A

Shows the movement of a pair of electrons

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22
Q

Mechanism

A

The steps undergone by a chemical reaction as itis occurring

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23
Q

Homolytic fission

A

covalent bond breaks evenly, and each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond

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24
Q

Heterolytic fission

A

covalent bond breaks, and unequal sharing of the shared pair of electrons results in one of the bonded atoms accepting the bonded pair of electrons

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25
Q

Nucleophile

A

A species that donates a pair of electrons (is attracted to a positive centre)

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26
Q

Electrophile

A

A species that accepts a pair of electrons
(‘electron loving’)

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27
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Same structural formula but differnt arrangements of atoms in space

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28
Q

Addition polymer

A

A very long molecular chain formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules

29
Q

Addition polymerisation

A

The process in which unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers) add pm to growing polymer chain one at a time to form a very long saturated molecular chain

30
Q

Addition reaction

A

A reactiom in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule

31
Q

Alicyclic

A

A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure

32
Q

Aliphatic

A

A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or unbranched chains

33
Q

Alkanes

A

The homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+2

34
Q

Biodegradable material

A

A substance that is broken down naturally in the environment by living organisms

35
Q

Carbocation

A

An organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge

36
Q

Dehydration

A

An elimination reaction in which water is removed form saturated molecules to make an unsaturated molecule

37
Q

Displayed formula

A

A formula showing the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

38
Q

E/Z isomerism

A

A type of stereoismerism in which differnt groups attached to each carbon of a c=c double bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the C=C bond

39
Q

Electrophillic addition

A

A type of reaction in which an electrophillic is attracted to an electron rich centre or atom, where accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

40
Q

Elimination reaction.

A

The removal of a molecule form a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule

41
Q

Functional group

A

The part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions

42
Q

General formula

A

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series

43
Q

Homologous series

A

A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing f by CH2

44
Q

Markownikoff rule

A

Used to predict product in addition reactions to an unsymmetrical alkene

45
Q

Mechanisms

A

a sequence of steps showing the path taken by electrons in a reaction

46
Q

Molecular formula

A

The number of atoms of each element in a molecule

47
Q

Monomer

A

A small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer

48
Q

Pi bond

A

the reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of p orbitals

49
Q

Polymer

A

A long molecular chain built form monomer units

50
Q

Propagation

A

The two repeated steps in radical substitution that build up the products in a chain reaction

51
Q

Radical

A

Species with an unpaired electron

52
Q

Saturated hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon with single bonds only

53
Q

Skeletal formula

A

A simplified organic formula with hydrogen atoms removed form alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional group

54
Q

Structural formula

A

A formula showing the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

55
Q

Stratosphere

A

The second layer of the earths atmosphere contains the ozone later
About 10km to 50km above the earths surface

56
Q

Structural isomers

A

Molecular with the same molecular formula but differnt structural arrangement of atoms

57
Q

Termination

A

The step at the end of a radical substitution when 2 radicals combine to from a molecule

58
Q

Troposphere

A

The lowest layer of the earths atmosphere extending form the earths surface up to about 7km and to about 20km

59
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon contains carbon to carbon multiple bonds

60
Q

Average bond enthalpy

A

The average enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mol if a given type of bond in the molecules of a gaseous species

61
Q

Bond enthalpy

A

The enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1. Ole of a given bond in the molecule of a gaseous species

62
Q

Greenhouse effect t

A

The process in which the absorption and subsequent emission of infrared radiation by the atmospheric gases a
Warms the lower atmosphere and the planets surface

63
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A reaction with water or aqueous hydroxide ions that breaks a chemical compound into two compounds

64
Q

Nucleophilic substitution

A

A type of susbstitution reaction in which a nucleophilic id attracted to an electron deficient centre or atoms, where it donates a pair of electron to form a new covalent bond

65
Q

Reflux

A

The continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure that the reaction takes place without the contents of the flask boiling dry

66
Q

Substitution reaction

A

A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a differnt atom or group of atoms

67
Q

Fragmentation

A

The process in mass spectrometry that causes a positive ion to split into pieces, one of which is a positives fragment
ion

68
Q

Esterification

A

The reaction of an alcohol with a Carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water

A-level Chemistry <3 (9 decks)

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