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Y3/ EBM > Key words > Flashcards

Key words Flashcards

1
Q

selection bias

A

systematic differences between baseline characteristics of the groups that are compared

  • random sequence generation
  • allocation concealment
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2
Q

performance bias

A

systematic differences between groups in the care that i provided, or in exposure to factors other than the interventions of interest
- blinding of participants and personnel

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3
Q

detection bias

A

systematic differences between groups in how outcomes are determined
- binding of outcome assessment

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4
Q

attrition bias

A

systematic differences between groups in withdrawals from a study
- incomplete outcome data

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5
Q

reporting bias

A

systematic differences between reported and unreported find gins
- selective outcome reporting: some outcomes have been measured by results not given

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6
Q

regression to the mean

A

extreme values partly due to chance
if repeated later, chances are they will be less extreme
this can give the appearance of improvement
- helped to avoid with placebo

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7
Q

equipoise

A

ethically we need to not know which treatment is better

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8
Q

contamination/crossover

A

participants randomised to the control group may unintentionally receive the intervention

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9
Q

intention to treat analysis

A

analyse according to the group they were originally allocated to
reduces allocation bias
may underestimate the effect

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10
Q

stopping/analyser bias

A

could choose to stop the trial early to give desired outcome

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11
Q

allocation concealment

A

when randomisation is undertaken the researchers should not know whether a participant will be allocated to the intervention or control arm
- this prevents researchers from influencing which participants are assigned to which group

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12
Q

Sample size: significance

A

at what significance level will we accept there is a difference

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13
Q

Sample size: power

A

how certain do we want to be to find a difference if there is one

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14
Q

incidence rate

A

number of new cases/number of person years accumulated

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15
Q

incidence risk

A

number of new cases/nmner of persons at risk at the beginning of the period

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16
Q

point prevelance

A

number of person with disease at some time point/ total population at risk at the same time point

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17
Q

period prevalence

A

number of persons with disease at any time during a specified period/total population seen over the period of time

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18
Q

What are the criteria for assessing causality?

A
  • biological plausibility
  • time
  • strength of association
  • dose response
  • consistency
    • specificity
  • coherence
  • experiments
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19
Q

spectrum bias

A

DTA’s specific groups of patients are inappropriately excluded e.g. difficult to diagnose patients
- test appears more accurate than it actually is

20
Q

response/responder/participation bias

A

systematic error ue to difference in characteristic between those who choose to volunteer to participate and those who do not

21
Q

healthy worker effect

A

the deficit of both morbidity and mortality when workers and the general population are compared
- workers are usually less ill

22
Q

interviewer bias

A

interviewer influences data gathers

- might probe cases more compared to controls

23
Q

recall bas

A

differences in accuracy of completeness of prior exposure between controls and cases

24
Q

recording bias

A

error that arises due to the information of interest being systematically recorded in more detail by the cases than the crotnrl se.g. medical record or self completed questionnaires

25
Q

social acceptability bias

A

selective suppression or revealing of info the treats to the exposure of interest, so that the most socially acceptable answer is given
- reduce my annonimised questionnaire

26
Q

detection bias

A

systematic difference between groups in how outcomes are determined
- blinding of outcome assures may reduce the risk

27
Q

performance bias

A
  • differences between groups in the care that is provided
28
Q

reporting bias

A

differences between reported and unreported findings

- within a report those analyses with stat significant differences are more likely to be reported

29
Q

verification bias

A

systematic error in DTA’s that ares when not all the participants receive both the index test and reference standard

30
Q

review bias

A

systematic error in DTA’s when the interpretation of index test and reference standard are not independent

31
Q

reflexive stance of the researcher

A

in qualitative studies the explicit reflection of the researcher son how their background, professional role or personality influences their relationship with the participants, or interpretation of data, and thus affect their research

32
Q

causality: temporality

A

exposure must precede its supposed effect

- best demonstrated in cohort studies

33
Q

causality: strength

A

the stronger the association the more we are inclined to believe a causal relationship

34
Q

causality: biological gradient

A

a cause-effect hypothesis is strengthened if the risk of developing the disease increases with the exposure

35
Q

causality: consistency

A

similar results obtained from studies with different methodologies in different populations, place and times add considerable weight to the general cause-effect argument

36
Q

causality: plausibility

A

if there is known biological medchanism

37
Q

causality: coherence

A

what ever mechanism is proposed, it should not fundamentally contradict the present knobbly

38
Q

causality: specificity

A

the supposed cause is associated with one dissed only o the disease is associated with one cause only
- rarely used nowadays

39
Q

causality: analogy

A

a causal link is more likely if analogy exists with other disease, species and settings
e.g. thalidomide

40
Q

iterative method

A

constant comparison of data throughout collection
interview, modify, interview, modify
repeating cycles of data collection and analysis until saturation is reached and no new themes emerge

41
Q

Qualitative: transparency

A

explicitness of methods and analysis

42
Q

Qualitative: validity

A

justify interpretation, possible return to participants/invite their comments

43
Q

Qualitative: reliability

A

different researchers will analyse differently but using more than one coder can flag up blind spots andincerase complexity

44
Q

Qualitative: comparative

A

compare between and within individuals participants accounts, compare with other studies

45
Q

Qualitative: reflexivity

A

account for role of researcher

Y3/ EBM (7 decks)

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