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Psychology > KEY WORDS > Flashcards

KEY WORDS Flashcards

0
Q

What is the null hypothesis

A

States that any difference or relationship expected is due to chance- there is no relationship or difference as predicted. It is this type of hypothesis that is tested when using statistical tests

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1
Q

What is an experimental hypothesis

A

This is the statement of what is expected. It is also called the alternative hypothesis (alternative to the null hypothesis)

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2
Q

What is a directional (one tailed) hypothesis

A

The direction that the results will take is predicted

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3
Q

What is a non directional (two tailed) hypothesis

A

There is no direction predicted for the results

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4
Q

Dependent variable

A

Measured by researcher. Changes as a results of manipulating the IV

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5
Q

Independent variable

A

Changed or manipulated by researcher. This is to see the effect on the DV

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6
Q

What are other variables that might affect the results of a study called

A

Extraneous variables

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7
Q

What are extraneous variables

A

Other variables which can affect the results of a study as well as, or instead of, the IV. examples are…..

Participants variables…age, gender, mood
Situational variables….temp,noise,interruptions, light

When extraneous variables are not controlled for and affect results they are called confounding variables

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8
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

Statement of what is expected

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9
Q

What are measures of central tendency? Examples?

A

is a single number which give you information regarding where the rest of the scores lie.

Examples…. Mean, mode, median

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10
Q

What are measures of dispersion? Examples?

A

Measures of dispersion are descriptive statistics that describe how similar a set of scores are to each other

The more similar the scores are to each other, the lower the measure of dispersion

Examples….range, variance

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11
Q

What is a critical value

A

the value that would have been obtained if chance alone contributed to the outcome at the chosen level of significance ( it is shown in the null hypothesis)

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12
Q

What is an observed value

A

the value you obtain from the test statistic to be compared with the critical value

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13
Q

Define credibility

A

the quality of being believed or trusted

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14
Q

What is a level of significance

A

The probability that the results are due to chance

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15
Q

How is a level of significance chosen

A

Depends on what is being tested. If the tested has been carried out previously and found to be true, it might be reasonable to ask for 1 in 100 of the results or fewer to be due to chance. If the study is new, and not known what is likely then the result of 1 in 20 being due to chance might be a good result. Also depends on how serious the consequences of the study might be

16
Q

What is a control group

A

It is composed of participants who do not receive the experimental treatment. They allow for comparisons against the experimental group to see the reflect of whatever they are studying

17
Q

Define levels of measurement

A

refers to the way that a variable is measured

18
Q

3 examples of levels of measurement

A

Nominal, ordinal and interval/ratio data

19
Q

What is nominal data

A

Data in categories, mode is suitable

20
Q

What is ordinal data

A

Data in ranks such as rating scales, mode and median are suitable

21
Q

What is interval/ratio data

A

Mathematical scores, all three measures of central tendency are suitable

22
Q

What is concordance

A

Means agreement

Eg. If one twin has a characteristic and the other twins does aswell, there is concordance

If one twin has a characteristic and the other twin does not, there is no concordance

23
Q

What is a continuum

A

A graded scale from one point to another

24
Q

What is a survey

A

An interview or a questionnaire. It is a planned research method with a specific aim in mind and a specific hypothesis

25
Q

What is a questionnaire

A

A set of written questions which are usually highly structured. They can come in many different forms including face to face interviewing and hand out, postal or telephone questionnaires. Different formats can be used including likert scales, rating scales, identifying characteristics, open questions

26
Q

What is an interview

A

It involves a face to face situation and a series of questions. They can involve a complete set of questions (such as a questionnaire), the difference being that the face to face situation allows the opportunity to expand, or clarify, the questions.

27
Q

What is an aim

A

The general purpose of an investigation

28
Q

What is stereotyping

A

Means developing an idea about someone and carrying that idea forward to apply it to other similar people

29
Q

What is prejudice

A

Acting differently towards someone based on skin colour, gender, age

30
Q

What is discrimination

A

Acting on prejudiced, through verbal or physical actions

Psychology (6 decks)

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