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History > Key topic 4 - Who was to blame for the cold war > Flashcards

Key topic 4 - Who was to blame for the cold war Flashcards

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1
Q

Why did the USA-USSR alliance break down?

A
  • Ideological differences
  • Historic tensions
  • Wartime disagreements
  • Post war disagreements
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2
Q

Ideological differences

A

Capitalism v communism are opposing ideologies. Communism by nature is expansionist and relies on the down fall of capitalism

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3
Q

Capitalism

A

An economic and political system where by a country’s trade and industry and controlled by profit owners for profit rather than by the state

  • Means of production owned by individuals
  • Means of production provide profit
  • Market is supply and demand
  • Each individual receives according to wealth
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4
Q

Communism

A

An economic and political system in which all property, trade and industry is owned by the community and controlled by the state

  • receives according to whats needed
  • gives what they can by ability
  • Means of production provide usefulness to the people
  • Means of production are owned by everyone and not just the wealthy
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5
Q

Historic tensions

A
  • USA and Britain could not forget about Nazi-Soviet pact
  • USSR couldn’t forget about attempted British intervention in the Russian revolution in 1917
  • USSR also couldn’t forget that one of the reasons the west left Hitler alone for so long was the hopes the USSR and Germany would destroy each other
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6
Q

Why else did the USSR/USA alliance fall apart? 🙈

A
  • The USSR sphere of influence was growing and the USA saw as a threat
  • There was no longer any common ground between the two countries.
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7
Q

Tehran Conference 1943

A

November 1943

  • Allied invasion of Italy well underway, USSR counterattack going strong
  • Discussed next steps ( opening second eastern front, Soviet entry into war in japan)
  • Agreed Germany needed to be split up after the war, disagreed on how
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8
Q

Yalta 1945

A

February 1945

Victory likely

  • Agreed what to do with defeated Germany (Unconditional surrender, Germany and Berlin to be divided into 4 zones, Germany to pay reparations)
  • Free elections 😉 to be held in eastern Europe
  • What to do with Poland
  • Stalin to fight war in Japan and receive previously lost land in Japan and gain land in Manchuria
  • UN set up
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9
Q

Postdam 1945 ( Context )

A

July- August 1945

Clement Attlee, Harry Truman , Joseph Stalin

  • Churchill replaced by Attlee during the conference
  • Roosevelt died replaced by Truman ( didn’t like soviets )
  • USA successfully tested first atomic bomb
  • Germany surrendered in May, USSR occupies eastern europe
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10
Q

Postdam 1945 ( Agreements)

A
  • 5 D’s
  • Confirmation of division of Germany into 4 zones
  • Each country could take reparations from their zone with Russia taking 25% from other zones
    -There would be an ‘orderly transfer’ of German speaking people back to Germany
  • Stalin to keep land annexed in 1939. Polish-German border moved westward
  • UN set up
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11
Q

Postdam 1945 (Disagreements)

A
  • Stalin wanted to cripple Germany further, Truman didn’t want a repeat of Versailles
  • Arguments over where boundaries for zones should be drawn
  • There was no sign or statement of Stalin allowing free elections in eastern Europe
  • USSR still wanted to intervene in Japan, Truman didn’t allow it because he didn’t need it and didn’t want to share victory with USSR
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12
Q

How had the USSR gained control of eastern Europe by 1949?

A

Salami tactics- Term coined by Hungrian Stalinist Matyas Rakosi to describe the ‘piece by piece’ takeover of Eastern Europe

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13
Q

East Germany

A

-Given to the USSR after the war ,
- the red army were effectively in control and oversaw the forced transfer of weapons and materials.
-In 1949 became DDR run by Walter Ulbricht

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14
Q

Greek Civil War

A

1945
- Between monarchist and Yugoslavian backed Communists
- Britain could no longer back war and asked USA to step in
- USA took control of situations and monarchists remained in power by 1950

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15
Q

Peoples socialist republic of Albania

A
  • Communists led by Enver Hoxha gained power immediately after the war
  • As the war ended had the backing of Yugoslavia and USSR
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16
Q

Cominform

A

1947

To co-ordinate the various communist governments in eastern europe

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17
Q

Truman doctrine

A

1947

Establishing that the US would provide economic, military or political aid to free peoples fighting subjugation from outside forces

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18
Q

Marshall plan

A

1948

US general George Marshall argued Europe needed to be rebuilt to stop the spread of communism. Asked congress for $17bn , congress refused but after the coup in Czechoslovakia agreed. Stalin forbade any countries from the Easter Bloc to apply for Marshall aid

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19
Q

Berlin Blockade

A

1948-9

  • 1946 Britain, France and the USA combined their zones and created a new currency
  • Stalin printed loads of this currency making it useless then. Blockaded Berlin
  • In response the west conducted the ‘Berlin Airlift’ supplying the city goods by air at its height supplies were dropped off every minute
  • Stalin lifted the Blockade May 1949
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20
Q

COMECON

A

1949

Council for Mutual economic assistance

  • set up to co-ordinate the industries and trade of eastern Europe. Favoured the USSR over its other members
  • Made Poland sell its coal at 1/10th the price
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21
Q

NATO

A

1949

  • Set up as a mutual defence treaty
  • USA,Canada,UK,Belgium,Netherlands, Portugal,Denmark,Norway and Iceland
  • Article 5 ‘ An armed attack against one or more of them shall be considered an armed attack against them all’
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22
Q

USSR was to blame for war

A
  • Soviet takeover of eastern europe
  • Breaking Yalta agreements
  • Anti capitalist ideology / communist revolutionary
  • Czechoslovakia 1948
  • Berlin Blockade 1948-49
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23
Q

USA to blame

A
  • involvement in Greek civil war
  • iron curtain speech
  • Truman doctrine
  • Marshall aid which the USSR viewed as dollar imperialism
  • West Germany( uniting it and introducing currency without consulting USSR)
  • NATO
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24
Q

Iron curtain speech

A

‘From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent

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25
Q

Warsaw pact

A

May 1955

mutual defence treaty
Response to west germany joining NATO
- Consisted of USSR,Romania,Poland, Hungary,East Germany,Czechoslovakia,Bulgaria and Albania

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26
Q

when was the berlin blockade lifted?

A

May 1949

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27
Q

When was the berlin blockade?

A

1948-1949

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28
Q

When was NATO set up?

A

1949

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29
Q

What countries were in NATO?

A

UK, Canada, Netherlands, Belgium,USA, Portugal,denmark, Norway & Iceland

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30
Q

Article 5

A

NATO

‘ An armed attack against one of them should be considered an armed attack against them all’

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31
Q

What were the 5’ds?

A

Wanted Germany Denazified, demilitarised, democratised , decentralised and dismantled. This included laws, industry and war criminals persecuted

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32
Q

Where were the 5’d’s agreed on

A

postdam 1945

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33
Q

What changed between the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences

A

Roosevelt replaced by Truman, who was ‘tired of babying the Soviets’ (more critical of USSR)
- US developed nuclear weapons
- Communists had taken over parts of eastern Europe e.g. Poland
- Churchill replaced by Attlee
- Germany surrendered, Hitler dead

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34
Q

How long did the berlin air lift last?

A

11 months

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35
Q

How many flights were involved in the berlin airlift?

A

300,000

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36
Q

When was soviet control established in Bulgaria?

A

1947

37
Q

What led up to the communist takeover of Bulgaria?

A
  • in 1941 Bulgaria joined the axis powers with germany
  • When USSR began turning tide of war communist oppositio to the government grew
38
Q

august 1944 (Bulgaria)

A

Stalin declared he no longer recognise Bulgarian neutrality and Bulgarian government ordered german troops to leave the country

39
Q

What happened after German troops left bulgaria?

A

Soviet forces invaded and overthrew the government and replaced it with the fatherland front a coalition of communist parties that had been resisting the previous government

40
Q

What happened in 1946 (Bulgaria)

A

a communist regime was installed and led by Georgi Dimitrov and his Bulgarian communist party, the largest member of the fatherland front

41
Q

How did Georgi Dimitrov and the Bulgarian communist party secure its position

A

political opponents were arrested or killed and the monarchy was abolished in 1946 and in its place was the peoples republic of Bulgaria.

42
Q

When did the red army leave Bulgaria?

A

1947

43
Q

Why did the red army leave bulgaria in 1947

A

A new constitution was introduced ending bulgarian democracy for good

44
Q

What did Poland become towards the end of the war?

A

diplomatic flashpoint for the allied powers. Britain and the US wanted to restore the polish government the. ‘ london poles’ and Stalin wanted to put the ‘Lublin poles’ in power

45
Q

When was poland liberated by the red army?

A

1945

46
Q

What followed the red armies liberation of poland

A

A coalition government was formed and dominated by mostly ‘Lublin poles’

47
Q

What did the USSR do instead of holding free elections in eastern europe as promised?

A

Helped the Lublin poles target opposition. The USSR aided in arresting,killing and torturing opposition

48
Q

When did Poland become a satellite state?

A

1947

49
Q

What allowed poland to become a satellite state?

A

A rigged election that gave communists 80% of the vote

50
Q

Who led communist poland?

A

Bolesaw Bierut ( a little ‘stalin’)

51
Q

When did the red army occupy romania

A

by the end of 1945

52
Q

Romanian leader in March 1945

A

Dr Petru Groza of the ploughmen’s front in a government mostly controlled by communists

53
Q

How did the USSR help romanian communists?

A

Helped them take control of the police force and security forces

54
Q

19th November romanian election1946

A

The communist led block of democratic parties claimed 90% of the vote.

55
Q

1947 Romania

A

Forced King Micheal to abdicate

56
Q

How did romanian communists secure power?

A

After forming a government accused opposition of espionage and treason and arrested political opponents

57
Q

Romania April 1948

A

Formally became the Romanian peoples republic, a communist soviet satellitew syate led by Gheorghiu-Dej

58
Q

When did Soviets completely run the Nazi’s out of Hungary

A

Febuary 1945

59
Q

1st feb 1946

A

Kingdom of hungary was formally abolished and replaced by the second republic of Hungary

60
Q

What was the second republic of hungary

A

an uneasy coalituon of pro democratic parties and the Hungarian communist party who were unpopular and only won 17% of the vote

61
Q

How were communist able to take control of hungary despite their unpopularity

A

Through the use of political intrigue to systematically eliminate their opponents through conspiracy and oppression

62
Q

Leader of Hungarian communist party

A

Matyas Rakosi

63
Q

June 1942

A

The communist party along side avo (the secret police) destroyed opposition and had effective control

64
Q

August 1947

A

rigged election increased communist share of the vote

65
Q

august 1949

A

the country was proclaimed the hungarian peoples republic, a one part socialist state under the influence of the soviet union

66
Q

5th may 1944

A

spontaneous uprising in prauge overthrew nazi rule

67
Q

Edvard benes and the USSR agreement

A

‘Czechoslovak territory liberated by the Red Army would be placed under Czechoslovak civilian control

68
Q

What followe d edvard benes + USSR agreement?

A

Benes was restored as leader of Czecholovakia despite not being a communist as stalin believed as the communist party in Czechoslovakia was pretty strong it would fall to communism eventually

69
Q

1946 Czechoslovakia

A

the communists one big but not enough to take power

70
Q

feb 1948 Czechoslovakia

A

Stalin ordered a communist coup detat. Jan Masaryak was murdered as he was the only prominent minister not communist

71
Q

9 june 1948 czechoslovakia

A

czecholovakia became a communist state and edvard benes resignes

72
Q

East Germany

A

Made the DDR (german democratic republic) after The us,france and britain combined their zones to make west germany in march 1948

73
Q

Who led DDR?

A

Walter Ulbricht a german politician that had lived in the USSR from 1937-45. a little stalin

74
Q

Why did Yugoslavia never become a communist state?

A

because the yugoslav partisans prevented nazis ever getting control of the country without the red army

75
Q

Who led the Yugoslav partisans

A

Joseph tito he was the leader of the communist anti fascist resistance

76
Q

What happened to czechoslovakia after the war?

A

Became the fedral peoples republic of yugoslavia led by Joseph Tito

77
Q

SFR republic

A

arty socialist state made up of six socialist republics – Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia – and sided with the Eastern Bloc.

78
Q

when did the Tito-stalin split happen

A

1948

79
Q

5’D’s

A

Wanted Germany Denazified, demilitarised, democratised , decentralised and dismantled. This included laws, industry and war criminals persecuted

80
Q

When was the Tehran conference?

A

November 1943

81
Q

Who was at the Tehran conference?

A

Winston Churchill, Theodore Roosevelt , Joseph Stalin

82
Q

When was the Yalta conference?

A

Febuary 1945

83
Q

Who was at Yalta conference?

A

Winston Churchill, Theodore Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin

84
Q

When was the Postdam conference?

A

July-august 1945

85
Q

Who was at the postdam conference?

A

Clement Attlee, Harry Truman , Joseph Stalin

86
Q

when did the west combine their zones

A

1946

87
Q

What did the west do once the combined their zones?

A

Britain, France and the USA combined their zones and created a new currency

88
Q

In yalta 1945 what was agreed to be done with Poland?

A

Coalition gov of Lublin poles and exiled ‘London’ poles created, free elections

89
Q

Marshall aid

A

Seen as dollar imperialism
stalin forbade any member of the Western blocfrom applying for it

History (6 decks)

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