Key Topic 4: Life in Nazi Germany, 1933-9 Flashcards
Nazi policies towards women, Nazi policies towards the young, Employment and living standards, The persecution of minorities
description of a golden age woman
jazz music listener
makeup
smoking
short hair
trousers
description of a nazi ideal woman
long hair
skirt/dress
children
athletic build/ heavy hipped
cooked/ cleaned
no makeup or smoking
who was the appointed leader of the Nazi women’s league?
Gertrude scholtz-klink
what was a big worry for Nazis concerning childbirth
that the rate would go down and therefore less kids
what did hitler do to keep the birth rate from dropping?
awarded medals on his mum’s bday (12 aug)
introduced law for encouragement of marriage
Lebensborn programme
propoganda campaign
divorce laws
what was the lebensborn programme?
encouraged unmarried and single women to have a pure baby with the SS and essentially “donate” a child to the Fuhrer
in 1933 what did the birth rate drop to?
under 1mill
what did the birthrate rise to after the new laws? when did it hit this?
1.4 mill in 1939
award sections of the cross of honour
bronze (4-5)
silver (6-7)
gold (8+)
what was the introduced divorce law? when? what did this do to divorce rates?
1938- divorce was possibly if either partner could not have children. this increased the divorce rates in 1939
what was the percentage of total entries of university enrollment allowed for women
10%
what was the marriage health law in 1935?
stressed the importance of racially “pure” women when marrying
different nazi organisations for women
young women’s league
league of german maidens
faith and beauty society
women’s front (frauenfront)
Reich mother’s services
what were the three Ks women had to follow instead of work
Kinder, kirche, kuche
when were the no work for women policies reversed? why?
1937- men were starting to go to war
when were marriage loans abolished?
1937
what was the compulsory “duty year” women had to do?
for all women entering employment- helping on a farm or a family home in return for a bed but no pay
what did the number of employed women increase to from 1933-39?
11.6 mill- 14.6 mill
what did many women think of the nazi policies?
did not like
when and where was the first concentration camp for women?
oct 1933, Moringen
which camp was opened in 1939 and took moringen prisoners?
Ravensbruck
how many prisoners in ravensbruck at the end of 1939
more that 2000
when were restrictions placed on jews attending German schools?
1938
ages of compulsory schooling?
6-14
what was “Napola”
National Political training institute- for boys 10-18 who could be the future leaders of th state
who took control of napola schools after 1936?
SS
who were Adolf Hitler schools for?
12-18- elitest of the hitler youth
what were ordensburgen?
“order castles” for graduates of Adolf Hitler schools, students in their 20s
how did lessons begin and end?
saying “heil Hitler”
who approved all the textbooks?
Ministry of Education
what did teachers have to do in order to prove their loyalty to the nazis?
swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler and join the Nazi Teacher’s League
what percentage of teachers were part of the nazi league by1936?
36%
which subject was the most valued to hitler?
PE
how was the school curriculum controlled?
curriculum and questions based on real life nazi problems and future roles for the students
lessons like race studies were introduced
what were 4 policies to reduce unemployment?
invisible unemployment
Reich Labour service
Job creation schemes
Rearmament
what was invisible unemployment?
kept the following out of their employment statistics:
jews dismissed from jobs
unmarried men under 25 who were pushed into labour schemes
women who gave up or were dismissed from their jobs
opponents in concentration camps
what was the Reich Labour Service? when?
1935- it was compulsory for all men 18-25 to serve in the corps for 6 months
very low pay
what were job creation schemes?
spent billions (37 bill- 1938) on creating jobs
such as building 7000 km of motorways
125000 invloved in that construction
what was rearmament
ways of building up armed forces ready for war:
re-introduced conscription in 1935 (100 000 men to 1.4 mill by 1939)
heavy industry expanded to meet needs or rearmament
billions spent on military veichles
1939- 26 bill marks spent on rearmament
what was the volksgemeinschaft?
people’s community of Aryans
what was strength through joy (KdF) positives?
improvement of leisure time of German workers
concerts, theatre trips, weekend trips, cruises etc.
more than 10 mill took part in 1938
what was strength through joy (KdF) negatives?
not many workers could afford the expensive trips
what was Beauty of Labour positives?
department of KdF that tried to improve working conditions.
organised construction of pools, canteens, sports facilities etc.
better lighting installed and better noise levels
what was beauty of labour negatives?
resented by workers because they had to make these improvements in their spare time with no pay
what was the volkswagen scheme positives and negatives?
1938- allowing workers to pay 5 marks a week until they eventually got a car
BUT
it was a con trick and by the time war broke out in 1939 not a single person had a car and no refunds
positives and negatives of volkgemienschaft (people’s community)
p-
made workers feel part of the creation of it
n-
workers could not ask for better pay or reduced hours
strikes banned
opposing sent to camps
what happened to the cost of living in the 1930s
increased
short supply of food because gov reduced agricultural production to keep up prices to benefit farmers
how did the hours of work change from 1933-39?
42.9 hrs a week in 1933
47 hrs a week in 1939
how did Hitler think he would create a “pure” race? (2 main ways)
selective breeding
destroying jews
how did German propaganda portray jews?
evil moneylenders
subhumans
destroyers of cililisation
when does anti-semetism go back to?
the middle ages
how were children encouraged to hate Jews
through school and propaganda
when were Jewish shops boycotted?
Sat 1st April 1933
how long did the jewish shop boycott last for?
one day
what did the SA do during the jewish shops boycott?
stood in entrances to Jewish shops and businesses
painted stars of David on buildings belonging to jews
were not stopped by police
was the boycott a big event?
not really, most Germans ignored it because it was a saturday and shops were going to be closed anyways
what were the Nuremburg Laws? when?
1935- 2 racial laws at their annual Reich Party Congress
Reich citizenship law
protection of German blood and Honour
what was the Reich Citizenship Law
only those of German blood could be citizens.
jews could not vote
jews civil rights were removed
what was the law for Protection of German Blood and Honour
forbade relations between Jewish and German
previous marriages were not classed as illegal but were encouraged to divorce
what does Kristallnacht translate to?
Night of Broken Glass
when was Kristallnacht
9th nov 1938
what was Kristallnacht?
attacks organised by Goebbels on jewish property, shops, homes and synagogues
how many jews were killed, sent to camps and had businesses destroyed in kristallnacht?
100 killed
20 000 sent to camps
7 500 jewish businesses destroyed
what caused kristallnacht?
8th nov 1938, a young jew, Herschel Grynszpan, walked into the German embassy in Paris and shot the first official he met as an act of protest for the treatment of his parents, eho had been deported.
what did the Nazis do about Jewish insurance?
did not let them have any and businesses werent allowed to reopen unless run by pure germans
did Germans like Kristallnacht? what did Hitler do?
no, many were disgusted by it so Hitler portrayed it as a spontaneous act of vengeance by Germans
who did Hitler blame for Kristallnacht?
the Jews themselves for provoking the attack
how much were Jews fined?
1 bill marks as compensation for the damage caused
what was established in Jan 1939? leader?
Reich Office for Jewish Emigration lead by Reinhard Heydrich
what did the SS become responsible for in Jan 1939?
driving the Jews out of Germany through forced emigration
what happened to Jews on 30th April 1939
Jews were evicted and forced into designated ghettos
how many jews had left Germany in the summer of 1939?
250 000
what made a German “socially useful”?
having a job and contributing to the state
what term was used to describe those who were unhealthy, tramps or mentally ill etc.
asocial
policies against the disabled:
Sterilisation law
what was the sterilisation law?
a law that nazis could sterilise people with certain illnesses.
passes in july 1933
between 1934 and 1935, 350 000 were sterilised
what was the euthanasia campaign and when?
1939- nazis began secretly exterminating the mentally ill.
6000 killed
how many gypsies were in Germany
30,000
why were gypsies a threat?
non- pure and a racial threat
no fixed home therefore opposing the “stable life” promoted by nazis
policies against gypsies:
marriage between germans and gypsies banned in 1935
1938, “struggle against the gypsy plague” was issued and they had to register with authorities
what happened to Gay men?
arrested and sent to camps
why were lesbians not seen as a threat?
seen as passive and subordinate to men
