Key Topic 2: Hitler's Rise To Power 1919-33 Flashcards
The early growth of the Nazi Party, The Munich Putsch (1923), The Lean Years (1924-8), Growth in Nazi support (1929-33)
when was Hitler born?
1889
what important events happened in Hitler’s life?
mum died
dad died
won an iron cross
rejected from art school
what was the SA?
provided protection for the Nazis
fighting opposing parties
disrupting meetings
lead by Ernst Rohm
who was Paul von Hindenburg?
second president of the Weimar republic
gave Hitler the power he needed
who was Franz von Papen?
German statesman and diplomat
chancellor in 1932
claimed he could control Hitler
who was Kurt von Schliecher?
military officer/ politician
liaison between army and new Weimar republic
later became chancellor
who was Heinrich Bruning?
centre party politician and chancellor 1930-32
longest serving chancellor of Weimar
resigned in 1932 due to loss of support
hunger chancellor
who was Josef Goebbels?
minister of propaganda
close to Hitler
helped Hitler gain a lot of followers
which party did the Nazis originate from
DAP (german workers party)
who lead the DAP in the beginning?
Anton Drexter
hat was the “volkisch” idea?
a belief that Germany should be a nation made of pure superior Germans
when was Hitler first noticed?
while spying on an DAP meeting he got angry and launched his own passionate reply back. Drexter liked this and invited him to join in 1919
what was Hitler’s first position in the DAP?
propaganda manager because he was good at public speaking
what was the 25-point programme?
a list of 25 things the Nazis would ensure happened if they came into power
this included destroying TOV, pure race, anti-jew, civil rights improvements and industry developments all to the Nazi’s advantage
what is the german word for “great Germany”?
Grossdeutschland
what was the German word for having “living space” for germans in eastern europe?
lebensraum
what is nationalisation
when a country takes control of specific companies/ industries
important things on the 25-point programme
destroy TOV
no jews
all citizens have equal rights
unemployment benefits end
large companies share profits
property reform to give small farmers land
force people to do sport
how large was the Nazi Party in 1923
55,000 supporters
why did Hitler rebel in 1923?
gained support
hyper inflation
stab in the back
Ruhr crisis
growth of followers
treaty
when was the Munich/ Beer hall putsch?
8th November 1923
who were the three main speakers in beer hall meeting that Hitler wanted the support from?
Bavarian Triumverate: von Kahr, Steisser and Lossow
which important figure and how many storm troopers did hitler arrive to the beer hall meting with?
Erich von Lundendorff and 600 SA stormtroopers
what did hitler do to get everyones attention in the beer hall meeting?
he fired a gun into the ceiling and announced he was going to overthrow the government
what happened to the support of Kahr, Steisser and Lossow?
they were pressured into supporting him but then stopped the next day.
what did hitler do when he realised he was outnumbered and outgunned?
he carried on with the plan and took over public buildings and a march on Munich town centre.
what happened between Hitler and the police during the Munich putcsh?
Hitler thought the police would join them but they actually shot at them killing 14 Nazis and police and Hitler dislocated his shoulder and managed to flee
what happened to hitler after the munich putsch?
him and 3 other key supporters were put on trial for treason and sentences to 5 years (lenient) and the NSDAP was banned
How did Hitler use his munich putsch trial to his advantage?
he publicly spoke his opinions and gained lots more followers of people who agreed with him and eventually won his party 32 seats in 1923 and the ban lifted
how many years did hitler serve in prison and what did he do while he was there
hitler only served 9 months and used this time to write mein kampf which contained many of his strong ideas
what did hitler realise after the failed putsch attempt?
he realised he had to seize power in a peaceful way and began focusing on winning votes
why did Hitler reorganise the Nazi party?
since he was focusing on gaining followers now, he needed a more national structure to attract members.
how did hitler reorganise the Nazi party?
hitler reorganised the leadership, developed security, enhanced propoganda, held the bamburg conference, and made changes to the 25-point programme
how did Hitler reorganise leadership?
he replaced Alfred Rosenburg
he gained 100,000 members by 1928
created Gaues to start the Gleichschaltung
process
what is the meaning of the German word Gleichschaltung?
Nazi word meaning coordination
how did Hitler improve security?
he forced Ernst Rohm to resign as leader of the SA and made Franz Pfeffer von Saloman the new one.
he created the SS which was his own private bodyguard team
he introduced the Hitler Youth group to rival others
How did Hitler improve propaganda in the lean years?
employed Josef Goebbels and started to use higher tech methods of promotion such as radio and cinema
what were the lean years?
years of challenge and development for the Nazis
what important conference was held in the lean years?
Feb 14th 1926 Bamberg conference
What was the point of the Bamberg conference?
the Bamberg conference was held by Hitler and sixty other members. It was called to address the tensions between the northern and southern sections of the party.
How did Hitler assert his dominance using the Bamberg conference?
he appointed Gregor Strasser to manage the north branches in which he was successful and eliminated any notion that the party worked in a democratic way and proved his leadership skills by pressuring the dissident northern faction into adhering. This conference was a turning point in his control over the Nazi party
When was Goebbels appointed?
November 1926 he became district leader (Gauleiter) in Berlin and later promoted to propaganda minister in 1933
what amendment was made to the 25 point programme in the lean years?
number 17- only land was confiscated from Jews
how did election results change in the lean years?
the Nazis only won 12 seats in the 1928 election from previously having 32 but they tried to target urban and rural voters differently
what new role did Hitler create during the Bamberg conference and wht did they do?
he created the position of “Gauleiter” and the person appointed as such would manage their section of the party, working to enlarge and influence it under Hitler’s command
when did the wall street crash happen?
1929
what was the wall street crash?
the wall street crash was an economic boom followed by a depression in the USA and it affected Germany because it could now not pay its loans to France without the loans from the USA which it now wants back
what is an economic boom?
where there is lots of money in the economy allowing more companies to employ more workers to make new products so demand grows so there is more money in the economy etc.
what is an economic depression?
companies cant sell products so not as many workers are needed so less money and demand falls so companies cant sell products etc.
what did the wall street crash mean for Germany?
panic due to death of Stresemann
Dawes loan plan recalled
unemployment skyrocketed (6 mill)
polarisation=more Nazi support
when did Gustav Stresemann die?
3rd Oct 1929
what happened to the banks during the wall street crash?
banks ran out of money because people rushed to get their cash out
what did the German government do about the wall street crash?
Hindenburg and Muller were split on weather or not to increase unemployment contributions from 3% to 3.5%
which chancellor was known as the hunger chancellor and why?
Heinrich Bruning because he tried to reduce wages 23% and make unemployment benefit cuts of 60% and increase taxes
he failed to solve the problem of food shortages
when was Heinrich Bruning forced to resign?
1932
what are stocks and shares?
parts of a company that are sold to get people to invest money in the company. the investor makes profit if the company does well
what is a saturated market?
when a company cannot sell any more products because everyone already has one
when was Hermann muller forced to resign as chancellor?
27th march 1930
main impacts of the great depression
homelessness
savings lost
unemployment (6 mill)
less confidence in gov
higher taxes
demand for goods down
which group of Nazis wore brown shirts?
the SA (stormtroopers)
all numbers of seats in all 5 elections may 1928- march 1933
may 1928- 12
sept 1930- 107
july 1932- 230
nov 1932- 196
march 1933- 288
which groups did the nazis target?
working class
middle class
big businesses
farmers
youth
women
what did the nazis promise the working class?
food and work
what did the nazis promise the middle class
traditional german values
resistance to communism
no confiscation of land
what did the nazis promise the youth?
exciting speeches, rallies and violence
what is the diktat?
another name for TOV by Germans
who was Hitler’s main opponent in the 1930s
Hindenburg
what were the vote percentages for Hitler and Hndenburg April 1932 elections?
Hitler 36%
Hindenburg 56%
how did hitler and Goebbels try to win votes in the April 1932 presidential election?
used new technology like air travel, radio and cinema
receive funds from industrialists and printed promotion articles
used SA to provide protection and disrupt meetings
fly to 5 cities in 1 day to give speeches
how did Bruning fail as a chancellor?
tried to ban SA and SS but upset people and forced to resign (upsets Hindenburg)
he and Von Papen are convinced they can control Hitler
underestimated Hitler
who is the leader of the KPD?
Thalmann
why was there two presidential elections in a row?
no one got the majority
who is appointed as chancellor when Bruning is sacked?
Franz von Papen
what does hitler demand when the nazis become the largest party?
to be chancellor
why is von papen sacked?
because he failed to get a majority party vote in the Nov 1932 election
who replaces von Papen?
Kurt von Schleicher, an army general
what does Hindenburg refuse von Schleicher to do
suspend the constitution in favour of a military dictatorship
why do they make Hitler chancellor
von papen convinces hindenburg that hitler is controllable and can be backed into a corner if made chancellor with Papen as vicew
when is Hitler appointed as chancellor?
January 30th 1933
