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Weimar and Nazi Germany > Key Topic 1: The Weimar Republic, 1918-29 > Flashcards

Key Topic 1: The Weimar Republic, 1918-29 Flashcards

The origins of the Republic, Early challenges to the Weimar Republic (1919-23), The recovery of the Weimar Republic (1924-29), Changes to society (1924-9)

1
Q

who was the leader of Germany during ww1

A

Kaiser Wilhelm II

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2
Q

Define Weimar Republic

A

the democratic system of German government 1918-33

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3
Q

what does republic mean

A

a country with no monarch

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4
Q

name the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles (6 pts)

A

German army limited to 100,000
6.6 bill reparation fee
war guilt
no air force/ restricted navy
Rhineland demiliterised
no teaming with austria-hungary

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5
Q

what was article 231

A

the fact that Germany had to accept all blame for the war

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6
Q

Reich meaning

A

Empire

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7
Q

what did the Kaiser control

A

the government, civil service, armed forces, king of Prussia

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8
Q

how did democracy work when there was a Kaiser

A

Reichstag voted on laws that the Kaiser drew up but that was it.

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9
Q

what did communists want

A

no democracy
gain power in revolution
equality
anti-capitalists
workers of the world unite
anti-religion

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10
Q

what did socialists want (4 pts)

A

mixed economy
share wealth
may tolerate some communist business
equality

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11
Q

liberal democracy wants (5 pts)

A

capitalists
level playing field
democracy
freedom
individuality

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12
Q

what do fascists want (8 pts)

A

nationalists
social darwinism
racist
military make the country great
strength and power
one leader
democracy
believe, obey and fight

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13
Q

Germany WWI stats

A

lost 1.8 mill soldiers
4 mill + injured
spent $39 bill

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14
Q

when did the Kaiser lose control of Germany

A

November 1918

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15
Q

where did the Kaiser abdicate to and when

A

Holland, Nov 9th 1918

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16
Q

when did Germany surrender

A

11 am, 11 Nov, 1918

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17
Q

temporary ceasefire agreed between the allies and Germany on 11th Nov 1918

A

armistice

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18
Q

name all the presidents involved in the Treaty

A

Woodrow Wilson- American
Georges Clemenceau- french
David Lloyd-George- english

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19
Q

what were the 14 points?

A

Woodrow Wilson’s plan to create peace that was rejected by the others

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20
Q

Constitution definition

A

rules on how a country should be governed

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21
Q

define coalition government

A

2 political parties working together

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22
Q

when did the German revolution start?

A

Nov 1918

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23
Q

what did the German revolution involve?

A

workers going on strike in the cities (Munich, Stuttgart)
soldiers refuse to control riots (Hanover)

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24
Q

what was the abbreviation for the centre party?

A

ZP

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25
Q

who became the president and chancellor after the 1919 Reichstag election?

A

President: Friedrich Ebert
Chancellor: Phillip Scheidemann

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26
Q

what was the abbreviation for the German Democratic Party

A

DDP

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27
Q

what were some negatives of the new Weimar system?

A

if the president was bad they had to stay for 7 years
president chose the chancellor and they had a lot of power (article 48)

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28
Q

what were the positives of the new Weimar system? (2 pts)

A

it was democratic and both men and women got a vote for the Reichstag and president at 20 years old
fair- parties got seated based of off vote percentage

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29
Q

all the parties

A

communists- KPD
independent socialists-USPD
social democratic party-SPD
German democratic party-DDP
centre party-ZPD
people’s party-DVP
national party-DNVP
national socialist German workers party-NSDAP

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30
Q

when was the Spartacist Uprising?

A

1919

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31
Q

when was the Kapp Putsch?

A

1920

32
Q

Spartacist uprising key figures

A

Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht

33
Q

Spartacist uprising motivation and political leaning

A

Left wing/ Communist
wanted a revolution after Ebert sacked the chief of police (Emil Eichhorn)

34
Q

Spartacist uprising action and Ebert’s response

A

strike on Berlin, took over newspapers and telegraph offices
Ebert organised soldiers into Freikorp groups (250,000 ppl) and turns them on the rioters- the leaders were murdered

35
Q

how big of a threat was the Spsrtacist uprising?

A

not too big but not too small- made an impact but the freikorps immediately outnumbered them and won

36
Q

motivation and political leaning of Kapp Putsch

A

Right wing/ nationalists
fear of unemployment because the treaty lost them their jobs

37
Q

Kapp Putsch action and Ebert’s response

A

ex soldiers from the freikorps gained control/ marched on Berlin and declared they wanted a new government
Ebert orders General Seeckt to fight freikorps and Ebert flees to Stuttgart where he tells the people back in Berlin to strike and not cooperate so the rebellion collapses and he can return to Berlin. Kapp is imprisoned.

38
Q

how big of a threat was the Kapp Putsch?

A

quite a big threat as it caused a huge revolt and Ebert was outnumbered but when they go on strike it makes it harder to revolt meaning it slowly failed

39
Q

What was the Ruhr crisis?

A

when Germany couldn’t finish paying the reparation fees by the end of 1922 so 11 Jan 1923 French soldiers went to the Ruhr to force Germany to pay

40
Q

what is dolschtoss?

A

the stab in the back theory that Germans believed that they lost the war because they were betrayed by Jews and socialists in 1918

41
Q

who were the November criminals

A

the politicians who signed the armistice

42
Q

how did the Ruhr crisis end?

A

Gustav Stresseman who was the German Foreign Minister introduces the new currency “Rentenmark” and persuades thre French to leave 25th August 1925

43
Q

impacts of Ruhr crisis (7 pts)

A

passive resistance
Germans see this as a Weimar fail
Germany lose resources
80% Germany’s economy negatively impacted
Germans began to kill French soldiers
140 Germans killed in troop clashes
more money printed to revive economy but this lead to hyperinflation

44
Q

impacts of hyperinflation (5 pts)

A

peoples life savings wiped out
mortgages paid off
a lot of worthless money
August 1923, Stressemann launches the Rentenmark
pensioners suffer

45
Q

when did Gustav Stressemann become chancellor?

A

1923

46
Q

How many Marks were 1 Rentenmark?

A

1000 Billion

47
Q

what was the Rentenmark’s new name after a year?

A

Reichmarks

48
Q

when was Weimar’s golden age

A

1924-1929

49
Q

why did Stresemann call off the passive resistance in the Ruhr?

A

because it wasn’t working as well as he’d hoped and only caused them more economic problems as they weren’t producing any materials

50
Q

why did some people not like that France had been persuaded to leave?

A

because people thought Germany showed weakness by giving in to France

51
Q

name of the area of land Germany had to give to France as a condition of the TofV

A

Alsace-Lorraine

52
Q

German army commander who believed strongly in the dolschtoss theory and said the army could have fought on for “Germany’s honour”

A

General Lundendorff

53
Q

German word for the union between Germany and Austria

A

Anschluss

54
Q

industrial area of Germany that France took control of

A

the Saar (specific part of the Ruhr)

55
Q

evidence for a golden era (6 pts)

A

women had more freedom
small drop in unemployment
2 mill+ new homes built
homelessness reduced by 60%
help for ill and old
more employed women

56
Q

evidence against a golden era (4 pts)

A

bankrupted from hyperinflation
high unemployment
1928- almost 84,000 workers seeking employment
no unemployment benefits

57
Q

how did Stresemann begin to rebuild the economy

A

Dawes loans- began to receive big loans from the USA

58
Q

what does Stresemann achieve in the “Stresemann era”? (6 pts)

A

politically, Germany calms down
less polarisation
popularity
hyper inflation ends
less strikes- happy workers
repairing relations with allies

59
Q

negatives in the “Stresemann era” (4 pts)

A

huge dependence on USA
unemployment still high
wages still not much higher than the cost of living
farmers cant modernise equipment

60
Q

when was the Dawes plan

A

1924

61
Q

when was the Locarno Pact

A

1925

62
Q

when did Germany join the League of Nations

A

1926

63
Q

when was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

A

1928

64
Q

when was the Young Plan?

A

1929

65
Q

what did the Dawes plan involve

A

USA loans money to Germany who pays its reparations to France who pays its debts to the USA in a cycle so Germany can ppay all its reparations

66
Q

What was the Locarno Pact?

A

France, Belgium and Germany respect each other’s boarders and not invade and Britain would support whichever county got invaded
Stresemann won a noble peace prize for this

67
Q

what was the League of Nations and why was Germany joining significant?

A

international organisation to find peaceful solutions to problems. Germany joining was symbolic because it meant that other countries were finally beginning to accept it as a possible ally

68
Q

what was the Kellogg-Briand pact and why did some people not like it?

A

64 nations agreeing not to fight but some people thought this showed Germany’s weaknesses

69
Q

what was the young plan and why did some Germans still not like it?

A

reparation fees were reduced from 6.6 to 1.8 billion (20%) and the time frame was extended to 59 years
still hated by some Germans who felt they shouldn’t have to pay

70
Q

what is a pessimistic but accurate summary of what the American loans to Germany created?

A

an artificial cycle of finance

71
Q

the bill of rights allowed all over the age of what to vote?

A

20

72
Q

what was the name of the system whereby the number of seats you got was reflected by the number of votes you had/

A

proportional representation

73
Q

what was the chancellor’s job?

A

to run the government on a day to day basis

74
Q

ways women’s lives changed in the Golden age

A

more females in the government
freedom to go places without a male chaperone
wear makeup
had to give up jobs previously done by men

75
Q

cultural changes during the golden age

A

architecture flourished
cinema had a golden age
cabarets and jazz music
literature encouraged from both left and right
abstract art
intellectuals from Germany winning prizes

Weimar and Nazi Germany (4 decks)

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