Key Terms & Definitions Flashcards
An inflamed area of pus walled off by a membrane
Abscess
A condition that presents itself after birth
Acquired
Hyperfunction of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland after ossification has been completed
Acromegaly
A disease with more of less rapid onset and short duration
Acute
A rare endocrine disorder, occurring when the adrenal glands fail to produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone
Addison’s disease
A fibrous band holding parts together that are normally separated, resulting during the healing process after wounds
Adhesion
Having a hypersensitivity to a substance that does not normally cause a reaction
Allergies
Congenital absence of one or more limbs
Amelia
A waxy, translucent, complex protein that resembles starch.
Amyloid
A form of cellular degeneration present in diseases like Alzheimer’s disease
Amyloid degeneration
Generalized massive edema in subcutaneous tissue
Anasarca
A decrease in the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, or both
Anemia
A localized dilation (abnormal enlargement or bulging) of a blood vessel
Aneurysm
Chest pain due to lack of oxygenation of the heart muscle resulting from inadequate blood flow
Angina
Mutual opposition or contrary action. The inhibition of one bacterium by another
Antagonism
Glycoprotein substances developed in response to and interacting specifically with an antigen
Antibodies
Immunoglobulins are also called
Antibodies
A foreign substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies that intersect specifically with it
Antigen
Preventing or inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms
Antisepsis
Failure of a tissue or an organ to develop normally due to an absence of cells
Aplasia
Loss of the normal beating rhythm of the heart
Arrhythmia
Disease of the arteries resulting in thickening and the loss of elasticity
Arteriosclerosis
Accumulation of free serous fluid in the abdominal cavity
Ascites
The inability to take in necessary amounts of oxygen
Asphyxia
A sometimes chronic condition in which the bronchi are hypersensitive to stimuli
Asthma
A collapsed lung or the failure of the lung of a fetus to expand fully at birth. Technically it is the loss of lung volume due to inadequate expansion of airspaces, which results in inadequate oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange with the lungs
Atelectasis
The most common form of arteriosclerosis, marked by cholesterol, lipid, and calcium deposits in the walls of arteries
Atherosclerosis
A wasting, decrease in size of an organ or tissue
Atrophy
Dilution or weakening of the virulence of a microorganism, reducing or abolishing its pathogenicity
Attenuation
The process by which an organism digests its own cells through enzymes that are naturally present in the cell or in surrounding tissues; this normally occurs after the cell or tissue has died
Autolysis
Self-nourishing, capable of growing in the absence of organic compounds. Organisms that obtain carbon from carbon dioxide.
Autotrophic
Any rod-shaped microorganism
Bacillus (pl. bacilli)
A prokaryotic one-celled microorganism of the kingdom Monera, existing as free-living organisms or as parasites, multiplying by binary fission, and having a large range of biochemical properties
Bacteria
A visible group of bacteria growing on a solid medium, presumably arising from a single microorganism
Bacterial colony
Agents that destroy bacteria but not necessarily their spores
Bactericides
Science that studies bacteria
Bacteriology
Not recurrent or progressive; nonmalignant
Benign
A method of asexual reproduction in bacteria in which cells split into two parts, each of which develops into a complete individual
Binary fission
An animal vector in which the disease-causing organism multiplies or develops within the animal prior to becoming infective for a susceptible individual
Biological vector
An inflammation of the bronchi, which are the main air passages to the lungs
Bronchitis
Infected lymph nodes associated with bubonic plague or other diseases
Buboes
Inflammation of the bursae in certain joints of the body
Bursitis
A state of ill health, malnutrition, and wasting of the body. It may occur in many chronic diseases, malignancies, and infections
Cachexia
The depositing of calcium salts, magnesium, iron, and other minerals within the cells
Calcification
Several communicating boils of the skin and subcutaneous tissues with the production and discharge of pus and dead tissue
Carbuncle
Cheese-like
Caseous
________ __________ is characterized by pink areas of necrotic tissue surrounded by inflammatory granules
Caseous necrosis
Any injury or disease that produces a physiological derangement in the body that results in the death of the individual. Examples include gunshot wounds, stab wounds, lung cancer, or blood clots
Cause of death
Formation of cavities in an organ or tissue, frequently seen in some forms of tuberculosis
Cavitation
A hard, primary ulcer due to syphilis infection appearing approximately two to three weeks after infection
Chancre
The movement of white blood cells to an area of inflammation in response to the release of chemical mediators by neutrophils, monocytes, and injured tissues
Chemotaxis
A large group of nonmotile, gram-negative, intracellular parasites
Chlamydia
A disease with more ore less slow onset and long duration
Chronic
Congenitally malformed palate with a fissure along the midline
Cleft palate
Study of disease performed in the laboratory by means of body secretions, excretions, and other body fluids
Clinical pathology
A bacterial enzyme that causes blood to clot by converting fibrinogen into fibrin
Coagulase
A type of bacteria that is spherical or ovoid in form
Coccus (pl. cocci)
A surgical procedure to create an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its skin surface.
Colostomy
A _________ is established in cases of distal obstruction; inflammatory process, including perforation; and when the distal colon or rectum is surgically resected
colostomy
The symbiotic relationship of two organisms of different species in which one organism gains some benefit such as protection or nourishment
Commensalism
A disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another
Communicable
Unfavorable conditions arising during the course of disease
Complications
A traumatic head injury of sufficient force to bruise the brain, which often involves the surface of the brain and can cause an extravasation of blood without rupture of the meninges. It can result in temporary loss of consciousness, paralysis, vomiting, and seizures
Concussion
Condition existing at the time of birth or shortly thereafter
Congenital
Accumulation of an excess of blood or tissue fluid in a body part
Congestion
The act of introducing disease germs or infectious material into an area or substance
Contamination
A bruise, often accompanied by swelling
Contusion
Abnormal, violent, and involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the muscles
Convulsions
A hypothyroid condition of infants and children in which the thyroid gland does not secrete sufficient quantities of thyroid hormones
Cretinism
Believed to be caused by a prion, a progressive disease that causes spongiform- porous, like a sponge- degeneration of the brain
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Failure of the testis to descend from its intra-abdominal location into the scrotum
Cryptorchism (or cryptorchidism)
An iatrogenic disorder of the adrenal glands due to chronic glucocorticoid hormone therapy
Cushing’s syndrome
Bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membrane due to lack of oxygen
Cyanosis
A sac within or on the body surface containing air or fluid
Cyst
A pressure sore, or bedsore
Decubitus ulcer
A lack of dietary or metabolic substance that can lead to disease
Deficiency
The deterioration of tissues with corresponding functional impairment as a result of disease or injury
Degeneration
Loss of moisture from body tissue that may occur antemortem or postmortem
Dehydration
A progressive, irreversible decline in mental function, marked by memory impairment and, often, deficits in reasoning, judgment, abstract thought, registration, comprehension, learning, task execution, and use of language
Dementia
A wide variety of fungi that can infect the integumentary system
Dermatrophytes
Term denoting the naming of the disease or syndrome; the recognition of the nature of a disease
Diagnosis
A process of diffusing blood across a semipermeable membrane to remove toxic materials and to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance in cases of impaired kidney function or absence of the kidneys
Dialysis
The pathological condition of the heart being enlarged due to a stretching of the muscle fibers, occurring normally, artificially, or as a result of disease
Dilatation
A double bacillus, two being linked end to end to each other
Diplobacilli
Any of various spherical bacteria appearing in pairs
Diplococci
A chemical or physical agent that kills disease-causing microorganisms; generally used on inanimate objects
Disinfectant
Resistant, as in bacteria, to the action of a drug or drugs
Drug-fast
Condition that results when the body part that dies had little blood and remains aseptic; occurs when the arteries but not the veins are obstructed
Dry gangrene (ischemic necrosis)
Abnormal development of tissue
Dysplasia
Shortness of breath
Dyspnea
Small, nonelevated hemorrhagic patch; extravasation of blood into a tissue. Scientific name for a common bruise
Ecchymosis
The occurrence of seizures during pregnancy, which cannot be attributed to another cause, after the 20th week of gestation
Eclampsia
The implantation of the fertilized ovum in a site other than the normal one in the uterine cavity
Ectopic pregnancy
A general term for a variety of inflammatory skin conditions. It is characterized by dry, red, extremely itchy patches on the skin that may ooze an inflammatory exudate
Eczema
Abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissue or body cavities
Edema
The state of being extremely lean
Emaciation
Sudden obstruction of a blood vessel by debris. Blood clots, cholesterol-containing plaques, masses of bacteria, cancer cells, amniotic fluid, fat from the marrow of broken bones, and injected substances (e.g., air bubbles or particulate matter) all may lodge in blood vessels and obstruct circulation
Embolism
A mass of undissolved matter present in the bloodstream
Embolus
___________ may be solid, liquid, or gaseous. Occlusions of the vessels from _________ usually result in the development of infarcts
Emboli
A chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory system, characterized by the presence of air pockets at the terminal ends of the the bronchioles
Emphysema
Pus in the pleural cavity
Empyema
Inflammation of the brain. When used clinically, the term refers to an infection of the brain caused by a virus
Encephalitis
A disease that is continuously present in a community
Endemic
Inflammation of the heart valves or the lining of the heart
Endocarditis
A condition, in which the tissue that normally lines the uterus, which is known as the endometrium, grows in other areas of the body, such as the pelvic area, the surface of the uterus, the ovaries, the intestines, the rectum, or the bladder
Endometriosis
Infection of the endometrium, which is the lining of the uterus
Endometritis
A thick-walled cell produced by a bacterium to enable it to survive unfavorable environmental conditions
Endospore
Bacterial toxin confined within the body of a bacterium freed only when the bacterium is broken down; found only in gram negative bacteria
Endotoxin
normal appearance of an infectious disease or condition within a given population
Epidemic
A disease caused by Rickettsia prowazekii, which grows in the intestinal tract of human body lice and flying squirrels in the eastern United States. It is transmitted when the human scratches the wound, rubbing the fecal material into the bite left by the human body louse
Epidemic typhus (louse-borne typhus)
A chronic neurogenic disease marked by sudden alterations in consciousness and frequently by convulsions. It is a recurrent degenerative disorder of the nervous system marked by repetitive abnormal electrical discharges within the brain known as seizures
Epilepsy
Bleeding from the nose
Epistaxis
An abnormally high red blood cell count
Erythrocytosis
An anthrax lesion characterized by a central mass of necrotic tissue surrounded by inflammatory vesicles
Eschar
The study of the cause of disease
Etiology
Increased severity of a disease
Exacerbate
Originating outside the body, an organ, or a part of the body
Exogenous infections
Loss of blood to the point where life can no longer be sustained
Exsanguination
Any fluid released from the body with a high concentration of protein, cells, or solid debris
Exudate
Having the capacity to do something that is not compulsory; in particular, having the ability to live or adapt to certain conditions
Facultative
Term associated with fever
Febrile
A quivering or spontaneous contraction of the individual cardiac cells
Fibrillation
Long, whip-like, filament-containing appendages that propel bacteria in liquid
Flagella
An infection in which organisms are originally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessel and spread to other parts of the body
Focal infection
Any inanimate object to which infectious material adheres and can be transmitted
Fomite
Having rapid and severe onset, usually fatal
Fulminating
A condition or disease in which there are changes in physiologic activity, but no recognizable change in anatomy
Functional
A group of often filamentous unicellular and multicellular organisms lacking chlorophyll and usually bearing spores
Fungi
Agents that destroy fungi and their spores
Fungicides
An abscess due to pyogenic infection of a sweat gland or hair follicle
Furuncle
A term used to refer to several types of necrosis
Gangrene
An infection that becomes systemic
General infection
Deals with the study of the wide spread processes of disease such as inflammation, degeneration, necrosis or cellular death, repair, and so on without reference to particular organs or organ systems
General pathology
Substances that destroy microorganisms but not necessarily their spores
Germicides
Enlargement of the dysfunctional thyroid gland, often due to iodine deficiency and not associated with inflammation or cancer
Goiter
A form of arthritis due to a metabolic disorder resulting in the depositing of uric acid in the joints
Gout
A distinct type of hyperthyroidism caused by an autoimmune attack on the thyroid gland
Grave’s disease
Study of changes in structure of the body as a result of disease that are readily seen with the unaided eye
Gross pathology
An infectious lesion consisting of a central necrotic mass surrounded by an inflammatory zone and fibrous deterioration of the tissues due to tertiary syphilis
Gumma
Vomiting of blood
Hematemesis
A swelling consisting of a mass of extravascular blood (usually clotted) confined to an organ, tissue, or space and caused by a break in a blood vessel
Hematoma
Blood in the urine
Hematuria
A hereditary bleeding disorder marked by a deficiency of blood clotting proteins
Hemophilia
Coughing up blood in the sputum
Hemoptysis
Escape of blood from the blood vascular system
Hemorrhage
An inflammatory disorder of the liver caused by a virus
Hepatitis
___________ is spread through body fluid contact and it can lead to either a chronic liver disease or death
Hepatitis B
Being genetically transmitted from parent to offspring
Hereditary
Abnormal protrusion of part of an organ through an opening in the wall that normally contains it
Hernia
Requiring complex organic food from a carbon source in order to grow and develop
Heterotrophic
The organism from which a microorganism obtains its nourishment
Host
A bacterial enzyme that penetrates the body’s connective tissues, permitting the easy spread of infection throughout the body
Hyaluronidase
Abnormal collection of fluid in any sacculated cavity in the body, especially the scrotum
Hydrocele
Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain
Hydrocephalus
Distention of the pelvis and calyces of one or both kidneys with urine as a result of obstruction
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac that surrounds the heart
Hydropericardium
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
Hydrothorax
Increase flow of blood in an area of the body
Hyperemia
____________ ______________ is due to an excess of arterial blood, while ____________ ______________ is due to an excess of venous blood
Active hyperemia; passive hyperemia
The increased size of an organ or part due to the excessive but regulated increase in the number of its cells
Hyperplasia
High blood pressure based on three readings spread out over several weeks in which blood pressure is higher 140 millimeters of mercury systolic or 90 millimeters of mercury diastolic
Hypertension
Hyperfunction of the thyroid gland
Hyperthyroidism
The enlargement of an organ or tissue due to the increase in size of cells composing it
Hypertrophy
Underdevelopment of a tissue, organ, or the body
Hypoplasia
Body temperature below 80 degrees F (27 degrees C)
Hypothermia
Depletion of oxygen in the cells and tissues
Hypoxia
Resulting from the adverse activity of medical treatment
Iatrogenic
Another name for jaundice
Icterus
Of unknown cause (example: sudden infant death syndrome)
Idiopathic
Plant life occurring or adapted for living in a specific environment
Indigenous flora
The formation of an area of necrosis in a tissue caused by obstruction in the artery supplying the area
Infarction
The state or condition in which the body or a part of it is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conditions, multiplies and produces injurious effects
Infection
The harboring of animal parasites, especially macroscopic forms, such as ticks or mosquitoes
Infestation
The process of seepage or diffusion into tissue of substances that are not ordinarily present
Infiltration
A tissue reaction to irritation, infection, or injury marked by localized heat, swelling, redness, pain, and sometimes loss of function.
Inflammation
An immunological defense against injury, infection, or allergy, marked by increases in regional blood flow, immigration of white blood cells, and release of chemical toxins
Inflammation
A condition in which part of the intestine bulges through a weakened area in the muscles in the inguinal canal, which is located in the groin
Inguinal hernia
Agents that destroy insects
Insecticides
State of being intoxicated, especially of being poisoned by a drug or toxic substance
Intoxication
Extravasation of blood within the skull
Intracranial hemorrhage
The slipping of one part of the intestine into another part just below it; becoming unsheathed
Intussuception
Reduction in arterial blood supply
Ischemia
Another term for dry gangrene
Ischemic necrosis
Condition characterized by excessive concentration of bilirubin in the skin and tissues and deposition of excessive bile pigment in the skin, cornea, body fluids, and mucous membranes with the resulting yellow appearance of the patient
Jaundice
Agents that destroy insect larvae
Larvicides
Inflammation of the larynx (voice box)
Laryngitis
A circumscribed area of pathologically altered tissue; a single patch in a skin disease
Lesion
Cancer of the blood characterized by the appearance of great numbers of immature and abnormal white blood cells, 10 to 100 times that of the normal range
Leukemia
Increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood. It can be caused by infection, trauma, or medications (e.g., corticosteriods). Not to be confused with the similarly named cancer
Leukocytosis
Abnormal reduction in the number of white blood cells in the blood
Leukopenia
A bacterial enzyme that acts with the oils and fats secreted by the sebaceous glands allowing bacteria to colonize in the skin
Lipase
Infection caused by germs lodging and multiplying at one point in a tissue and remaining there
Local infection
A procedure during which a surgeon removes a lump and an are of healthy tissue around its edges from the breast
Lumpectomy
Enlargement of lymph nodes
Lymphadenopathy
An inflammatory disorder of the lymph vessels, characterized by local and systemic pain
Lymphangitis
Malignancy of lymphoid tissue
Lymphoma
A febrile disease of the blood characterized by chills and fever. It is caused by a protozoan and spread by mosquito bite.
Malaria
A defect or deformity
Malformation (anomaly)
Tending or threatening to produce death; harmful. Concerning cancerous growths: growing worse, resisting treatment
Malignant
Explanation of how the cause of death came about. Generally classified on death certificates as either natural, homicide, suicide, accident, or undetermined/unclassified
Manner of death
The surgical removal of a portion of the breast or the entire breast
Mastectomy
Temperature above which bacterial growth will not take place
Maximum temperature
A living organism or an object that is capable of transmitting infections by carrying the disease agent on its external body part or surface
Mechanical vector
The physiological derangement produced by the cause of death that results in death. Examples include bleeding, blood poisoning, or a faulty heartbeat
Mechanism of death
Study of disease to ascertain cause and manner of death as related to a criminal investigation
Medicolegal pathology (forensic pathology)
Black, tarry feces caused by the digestion of blood in the gastrointestinal tract; common in newborns
Melena
An infection of the cerebrospinal fluid, which is the fluid surrounding the spinal cord and brain
Meningitis
Bacteria that prefer moderate temperature and develop best at temperatures between 25-40 degrees C
Mesophiles
Replacement of one type of tissue by a form that is not normally found there
Metaplasia
The spread of cancer from its primary site to a distant location in the body
Metastasis
Requiring little free oxygen
Microaerophilic
Scientific study of microorganisms and their effect on other living organisms
Microbiology
Study of microscopic changes that cells, tissues, and organs undergo as a result of disease
Microscopic pathology (histopathology)
Temperature below which bacterial growth will not take place
Minimum temperature
Infection caused by two or more organisms
Mixed infection
Necrotic tissue that is wet as a result of inadequate venous drainage, accompanied by the invasion of saprophytic bacteria
Moist gangrene (wet gangrene)
An infectious inflammatory disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
Mononucleosis
Relative incidence of a disease in the population or number of cases in a given time in a given population
Morbidity rate
The study of the size, shape, and arrangements of microorganisms
Morphology
Number of deaths in a given time or place or proportion of deaths to a population
Mortality rate
infectious disease of the parotid salivary glands caused by the mumps virus
Mumps
A symbiotic relationship in which two different species live in close association to the mutual benefit of each other
Mutualism
The branch of science concerned with the study of fungi
Mycology
The smallest free-living organisms presently known, being intermediate in size between viruses and bacteria; bacteria of the ______ genus that are found in humans, most having no cell wall
Mycoplasmas
The clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism that includes an infiltration of the skin by a thick, gelatinous substance formed from the bonding of water and mucopolysaccarides, which gives the skin a waxy or coarsened appearance.
Myxedema
Pathological death of a tissue while still a part of the living organism.
Necrosis
An abnormal mass of tissue exhibiting excessive and uncontrolled multiplication of cells
Neoplasms (tumors)
A colorless, odorless inert gas. ____________ compounds are found in foods, organic materials, fertilizers, poisons, and explosives. Formaldehyde and __________ react to form urotropin, which neutralizes the effectiveness of formaldehyde as an embalming preservative for human remains.
Nitrogen
Infection acquired in a hospital or other healthcare setting
Nosocomial
A disease with an abnormally high rate of occurrence in members of a particular workforce
Occupational disease
Inflammation of the ovaries
Oophoritis
An organism that exists as part of the normal flora but can become pathogenic under certain conditions
Opportunist
Temperature at which organisms grow best
Optimum temperature
An acute inflammatory reaction in the testicle
Orchitis
A condition or disease in which there is a change in anatomy
Organic
Pressure that develops when two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a semipermeable membrane
Osmotic pressure
A disease marked by softening of the bones due to faulty calcification in adulthood
Osteomalacia
Inflammation of bone and bone marrow
Osteomyelitis
Loss of bone mass that occurs throughout the skeleton, resulting in predisposition to bone fracture
Osteoporosis
A disease affecting the majority of the population of a large region or one that is epidemic at the same time in many different parts of the world
Pandemic
Loss of purposeful muscle movement, usually as a result of neurological disease, drugs, or toxins
Paralysis
An interactive relationship between two organisms in which one is harmed and other benefits
Parasitism
A respiratory disease caused by Chlamydia psittaci, which is a gram-negative, obligate intracellular rickettsia
Parrot fever
A microorganism capable of producing disease
Pathogen
The manner in which a disease develops
Pathogenesis
The state of producing or being able to produce pathological changes and disease
Pathogenicity
Study of structural changes in the body caused by disease
Pathological anatomy (morbid anatomy)
Science that deals with the study of disease
Pathology
Inflammation of the membranes that surround the heart
Pericarditis
Antemortem, pinpoint, extravascular blood discolorations visible as small red or purplish hemorrhages of the skin or mucous membranes
Petechiae
A process in which phagocytes (i.e., neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages) engulf and destroy microorganisms, other foreign antigens, and cell debris
Phagocytosis
Congenital condition in which the proximal portions of the limbs are poorly developed or absent
Phocomelia
Study of changes in body functions due to disease
Physiological pathology
Coloration caused by either deposit or lack of coloring material in tissues
Pigmentation
An inflammatory condition of the pleurae that surround the lungs
Pleurisy
Infection of the lungs
Pneumonia
A highly contagious infectious disease of the spinal cord caused by the poliovirus
Poliomyelitis
An increase in total red blood cell mass
Polycythemia vera
A birth defect characterized by extra fingers or toes
Polydactylism
A growth or mass of tissue that protrudes from a mucous membrane
Polyp
Excessive urination
Polyuria
The number of cases of disease present in a specified population at a given time
Prevalence
An original infection from which a second one develops
Primary infection
A small proteinaceous infectious particle that is resistant to most procedures that modify nucleic acids
Prion
Prediction of the outcome of disease
Prognosis
Inflammation of the prostate gland
Prostatitis
One-celled organisms of the kingdom Protista; most are unicellular although some are colonial
Protozoa
Science that deals with the study of protozoa
Protozoology
A chronic, inflammatory skin disease, characterized by red, thickened areas with silvery scales, most often on the scalp, elbows, knees, and lower back
Psoriasis
Bacteria that prefer cold, thriving at temperatures between 0-25 degrees C
Psychrophiles
Condition in which spontaneous bleeding occurs in the subcutaneous tissues, causing the appearance of purple patches on the skin
Purpura
Forming or containing pus
Purulent
Protein-rich fluid containing white blood cells, especially neutrophils, and cell debris produced during inflammation
Pus
A small elevation of the skin containing pus
Pustule
An acute, neutropic, infectious disease caused by a rhabdovirus known as the ______ virus
Rabies
Reappearance of symptoms after a period of remission (abatement)
Recurrence
The replacement of damaged cells with identical cells
Regeneration
Temporary cessation of symptoms of disease
Remission
Kidney stones
Renal calculi
Physical or mechanical restoration of damages or diseased tissue by the growth of healthy new cells- not necessarily the same type- or by surgery. The replacement of damaged tissue with fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue).
Repair
The natural habitat of a disease-causing organism
Reservoir
The ability of an organism to defend itself against infection and disease; the sum total of body mechanisms that interpose barriers to the progress of invasion, multiplication of infectious agents, or damage by their toxic products
Resistance
