Key Terms - ALL Flashcards
Synergogy - drama
teaching one another and learning from one another, including deciding together how to tell the story through movement.»_space;> Petersen, Michelle. “Scripture Relevance Drama.” Paper presented at the International Orality Network conference, Dallas, Texas, September 16, 2008.
song - music
a composition consisting minimally of rhythm, melody, and text
piece - music
a composition consisting minimally of rhythm, melody, but NO TEXT
form - music
The organization of musical materials. Songs and pieces consist of patterned combinations of textual, rhythmic, and melodic segments
phrase - music
A brief section of music, analogous to a phrase of spoken language, that sounds somewhat complete in itself, while not self-sufficient; A, B, C»_space;>Kay Kauffman Shelemay, Soundscapes: Exploring Music in a Changing World. (New York: Norton, 2001), 358. (CLAT, 93)
motif - music
salient combination of notes; a, b, c
timbre - music
The quality (“color”) of a tone produced by a voice or instrument.
texture - music
the horizontal and vertical relationships of musical materials, comparable to the weave of a fabric»_space;>Willi Apel, Harvard Dictionary of Music (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1972), 842. (CLAT, 98)
tonal center - music
The pitch around which the musical piece revolves. The tonal center is often the most frequent pitch in a piece and fills prominent structural roles.
tonal inventory - music
All the notes used in a musical piece or genre.
modulation - music
Change of tonal center or key within a composition.
harmony - music
two or more notes played [or sung] together at the same time.
contour - music
The characteristic (motion) shape of a melody within a musical composition.
responsorial (call and response) - music
Singing in which leader and chorus alternate. ABAB. E.g., much African song.
antiphonal - music
Music in which two groups sing or play alternately. E.g., Renaissance choral music, Mamaindé song teaching (Brazil).
cyclic - music
a repeated pattern, but much longer than ostinato (e.g., 12 bar blues, the gong cycles of Indonesian gamelan music, and the talas of Hindustani raga)
ostinato - music
continuous repeated musical motif
strophic - music
a song in which all stanzas of the text are sung to the same music, in contrast to a song with new music for each stanza [through-composed].»> Willi Apel, Harvard Dictionary of Music (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1972), 811. (CLAT, 94)
through-composed - music
Melodic structure with no large-scale repetition. ABCDEFG.
progressive - music
Each section has completely different material. Differs from through-composed in that it has a fixed number of repetitions and the repetitions are generally shorter than through-composed. AABBCCDD, etc.
theme and variations - music
A basic theme is presented and then different variations of it are subsequently presented. A A1 A2 A3 A4 A5, etc.
litany - music
Consists of only one short phrase that is reiterated throughout.»>Bruno Nettl, Music in Primitive Culture (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1956), 69. (CLAT, 94)
song form - music
the structure and organization of a musical composition
rhythm - music
the whole feeling of movement in music, or the pattern of long and short notes occurring in a song.
meter - music
The underlying pattern of beats, by which the time span of a piece of music or a section thereof is organized.
aerophones - music
instruments that use a resonating vibrating column of air to sound (flute, trombones, etc.)
cordophones - music
instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings (harps, guitars, etc.)
membranophones - music
instruments that have a membrane stretched over a frame and are struck to sound (drums)
idiophones - music
instruments that vibrate the entire material of the instrument (cymbals, xylophones, rattles, etc.)
drama
“the reproduction of actions performed by people. These actions recreate former actions, or create a world of possible actions.”»_space;>Hatcher, Jeffrey. The Art and Craft of Playwriting. Cincinnati: Story Press, 1996.
performance space - drama
Space where drama, music, etc., may be performed. . . specifically the area in a theatre, concert hall, etc., in which the performers act, play instruments, etc., as opposed to the area where the audience sits.
dramatic setting - drama
the imagined location of the story conveyed by the performers’ use of words, space, set pieces, lighting or props to evoke an imagined place and time
blocking - drama
the arrangement of all actors’ movements in space in relation to one another.
props - drama
objects used by a performer which can change location in the course of acting. Hand props are carried by actors. Set props are pieces of the scene. Props may be realistic or impressionistic. Props are improvised if they are found on the spot.
costumes - drama
the clothes and makeup performers wear
sets - drama
arrangement of set pieces and objects (realistic, impressionistic, minimalistic, or bare)
realistic - drama
costumes, props, scenery, and set pieces that reproduce real life as exactly as possible
impressionistic - drama
costumes, props, scenery, and set pieces that are prepared in advance and give an idea of a thing without trying to reproduce it exactly.
minimalistic - drama
when costumes, props, scenery, and set pieces that are few and unassuming so attention is placed on other aspects of a performance.
improvised - drama
costumes, props, scenery, and set pieces found on hand without being prepared in advance and made to represent things that they are not by the performer’s spontaneous ingenuity.
mimed - drama
an absence of material; the actor’s actions cause the audience to imagine objects that are not physically present.
ensemble - drama
the group performing a drama
actor - drama
a person who portrays a character.
playwright - drama
a person who creates scripts for plays.
director - drama
the person who supervises the creative integration of all the elements of a drama and instructs the actors and crew as to their performance elements. There may be no single director in a performance, as when performers coach one another.
crew - drama
the people who set up, take down, change scenes, manipulate the environment during performance (e.g., lighting, sound effects), advertise, and/or manage the set, costumes, and props.
nonmatrixed performer - drama
a background performer who does not show character
foley artist - drama
a crew member who creates sound effects
audience - drama
the intended spectators and listeners of a performance or speech
spect-actors - drama
when the line between spectator and actor is blurred and the audience participates actively in the performance. (Barber, Collins, Ricard 1997)
fourth wall - drama
When actors speak to the audience, acknowledge they are there
representational depiction of reality - drama
“make believe” depiction of reality shapes stage action; onstage characters behave as if they are unaware of the audience’s presence.
However, the fourth wall is present between actors and audience but it’s just invisible.
No performer interaction with audience
presentational depiction of reality - drama
“breaking the wall” (make believe)
it is known as a show.
[McLaughlin 1997]—breaking the fourth wall; audience and performers acknowledge one another’s presence
[Petersen 2010]—Jula granddaughter imitating dead grandfather so visitors can address her as if she were him
dramatic premise - drama
the idea or message that the play is seeking to communicate by the string of events that unfold
metaphors - drama
an image comparing something concrete with an abstract idea.
image system - drama
a visual image repeated in various ways to convey an extended metaphor.
symbol - drama
a concrete visual object that stands for something abstract. E.g., what do the candlesticks symbolize to Jean ValJean in Les Misérables?
plot - drama
the series of events in a play and their structured arrangement in time. The ordering of events helps express the world view and meaning of the play
frame - drama
the overall purpose of an event and lets the audience know how to interpret it.
dialogue - drama
verbal interaction between characters
tempo/rate/pace - drama
how fast or slowly a performer speaks. This can either be in regard to the duration of the words, or the length of the silences between words. What does the character’s use of time say about the character?»_space;>Jack Frakes, Acting for Life: A Textbook on Acting (Colorado Springs: Meriwether, 2005), 52. (CLAT, 114)
plot structure - drama
“a selection of events from characters’ life stories that is composed into a strategic sequence to arouse specific emotions and to express a specific view of life.”»_space;>Robert McKee, Story: Substance, Structure, Style, and the Principles of Screenwriting (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 33. (CLAT 108)
dramatic setting/imagined space - drama
the location of the story conveyed by the performers’ use of words, space, set pieces, lighting or props to evoke an imagined place and time
character - drama
a person represented by an actor in a drama
archetype - drama
the original pattern of model of a character on which later archetypal characters are based
dramatic intensity curve - drama
shows rise and fall of action across time»_space;>Buzz McLaughlin, The Playwright’s Process: Learning the Craft from Today’s Leading Dramatists (New York: Back Stage Books, 1997), 131–134. (CLAT 108)
realistic acting - drama
emotion is experienced onstage and not only displayed
brechtian acting - drama
the actor interprets a role but remains outside of the role and comments on the role or situation. Emotion is displayed. [Schechner 2006]
codified action - drama
A performer uses a symbol system of movements, gestures, makeup whose meanings are set by tradition and passed down from generation to generation. Background knowledge is required by audience, eg: Chinese jingju. Emotion is displayed rather than experienced.
costumes - dance
the clothes and makeup performers wear
floorplan - dance
an overhead representation of a dance performance that includes the boundaries of the space, permanent objects, and “snapshots” of dancers beginning and ending a movement pattern and their pathway to get from point A to point B.