Key Terms Flashcards
Space
Areas which do not have meanings in the same way that places do. One person’s ‘space’ may be another’s ‘place’
Place
A space with meaning- a feeling or perception held by people to a specific space. This could be informed by age, gender, sexuality, religion
What characteristics make up a place?
Physical geography, demography, socio-economic, cultural, political, built environment
Location
The point on the Earth’s surface where a particular place is found
Locale
The setting for people’s daily activities
Sense of place
How we feel about particular meaningful locations
GRASP
Gender, race, age, sexuality, role performed
Life cycle stages
Infancy, adolescence, young adulthood, family maker, old age
Topophilia
A strong sense of place, which often becomes mixed with the sense of cultural identity among certain people and a love of certain aspects of such a place
Topophobia
A fear of certain places or situations
Positive emotions
Happiness, excitement, love, joy, satisfaction, nostalgia, passion, reminiscence
Neutral emotions
Indifference, impartiality, ambivalence, contentment
Negative emotions
Anxiety, fear, depression, trauma, overwhelm, reservation, embarrassment
Time-space compression
The increasing sense of connectivity that seems to be bringing people closer together even thought their distances are the same. Space time compression is the solution to distance decay because technology (e.g. internet, mobile phones) is allowing us to communicate more across longer distances
Global village
A phrase to describe that the world that has been “shrunk” by modern advances in communications
Agency
The facilitator- the film/advert/news article/survey/action that makes something happen (i.e. a charity like Oxfam could be the agency that represents Ethiopia in the media)
Geographical Information System (GIS)
A system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyse, manage and present spatial or geographic data
Social inequality
The existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society
Spatial inequality
The unequal amounts of qualities or resources and services depending on the area or location, such as medical or welfare
Quality of life
The extent to which people’s needs and desires are met (social, psychological or physical) (e.g. are all people treated with equal dignity?; are everyone’s opinions heard and respected?)
Standard of living
The ability to access services and goods such as food, water, clothing and housing
Deprivation
When quality of life and standard of living are low (a general lack of resources and opportunities)
Poverty
Not having enough money to support a decent standard of living
Gross National Income (GNI)
All profits and incomes received in a territory- The highest GNI’s are in Western Europe and the USA, whilst the lowest are in Burundi and Ethiopia (both in Africa)
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
How much your money will buy you, relative to each country (i.e. £1 will buy more in Ethiopia than in the UK)
Squatter settlement
Land that is occupied illegally
Informal sector
The part of an economy that is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government
Postcode lottery
A situation where postcodes directly affect the services an area can obtain (e.g. insurance prices)
Trans National Corporations (TNCs)
Companies that operate between different countries
Global shift
The movement of economic activity from ACs to EDCs and LIDCs
New international division of labour
A geographic reorganisation of production due to deindustrialisation; manufacturing done in the developing world, services/tertiary sector in the developed world
Deindustrialisation
A reduction of industrial activity
Containerisation
Containers have a standardised size for convenience and ease of delivery
Economic restructuring
AC’s moving from a manufacturing based economy (secondary industries) to a service sector based economy (tertiary industries)
Post industrial society
The stage of economic development that follows industrialisation (tertiary/quaternary)
Nation states
Countries
Primary sector (LIDCs) (worth the least)
Jobs that take raw materials from the Earth (e.g. farming, mining, fishing)
Secondary sector (EDCs)
Turning the raw materials into products (e.g. baker, manufacturer)
Tertiary sector (ACs)
Providing a service (e.g. teaching, finance, legal help, healthcare)
Quaternary sector (worth the most)
Researching (e.g. scientific research, engineering research)
Comparative advantage
The ability for one group or individual to produce goods at a lower cost than another group
Structural economic change
When a country moves from one sector to another (e.g. Secondary to Tertiary)
The multiplier effect
Spending/investment in one part of the economy benefits the rest
Austerity
Political view to cut costs and services in order to balance out the national budget and pay off debt
Players
Individuals, groups of people or formal organisations who can influence, or can be influenced by, the process of change. Some players have more “power” or influence than others, especially in economic terms
FDIs (Foreign direct investments)
Capital flows from TNC headquarters in ACs ($100 billion in China in 2015)
Reimaging
Creating new metal images of a place, often through cultural elements (e.g. architecture, artistic events, sporting events)
Rebranding
Marketing a place to give it a new identity in the eyes of its residents, potential investors and visitors
Regenerating
The longer-term process of improving the economic, social and environmental aspects of a place
