Key terms Flashcards
Articulating bones
Bones that meet at a joint to enable movement
Backflow
The flowing backwards of blood. Valves in the veins prevent this.
Blood Pressure
The pressure that blood is under. Systolic reading measures the pressure when the heart contracts. Diastolic reading measures the pressure of the blood when the heart relaxes.
Capillaries
A network of microscopic blood cells that are only one cell thick.
Cardiac cycle
One cycle of the diastole and systole is called the cardiac cycle
Cardiac output (q)
The volume of blood ejected from the heart in one minute. Cardiac output (q)= stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR)
Cardio-respiratory system
The name used to describe the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system working together.
Deoxygenated blood
Blood containing a low concentration of oxygen
Diastole
The phase of the heartbeat when the chambers of the heart relax and fill with blood
Diffusion pathway
The distance travelled during diffusion
DOMS
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
Dorsiflexion
Movement at the ankle joint that flexes the foot upwards and decreases the angle at the ankle joint
EPOC
Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption. The amount of oxygen needed to recover after exercise which leads to increased breathing rate and deeper breathing
Exhalation
The process of breathing out - AKA as expiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume
The amount of air that can be forced out after tidal volume (normal expiration) which decreases during exercise
Extension
Increase in the angle of bones at a joint
Fatigue
Physical fatigue is a feeling if extreme or severe tiredness due to a build up of lactic acid in the muscles or working for a long time
Flexion
Decrease in the angle of bones at a joint
Gaseous Exchange
The process where oxygen from the air in the alveoli moves into the blood in capillaries while carbon dioxide moves from the blood in the capillaries into the air in the alveoli
Haemoglobin
The protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen (as oxyhaemoglobin) and carbon dioxide around the body
Heart Rate
The number of times your heart beats in a minute. One heartbeat is one contraction and one relaxation of the heart. Heart rate is measured in (bpm)
Hypertrophy
The enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the size of its cells. When a muscle is trained, small tears are created. As they heal, they become thicker and increase in size
Inhalation
The process of breathing in also know as inspiration
Inspiration
The process of breathing also known as inhalation
Inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume (after a normal inspiration). Inspiratory reserve volume decreases during exercise
Intensity
The amount of energy needed to complete an activity. Working at high intensity requires a large amount of energy. Working at a low intensity requires less energy
Isometric contraction
A muscle contraction where the length of the muscle does not change when it contracts
Isotonic contraction
A muscle contraction where the muscle changes length when it contracts, resulting in limb movement. Isotonic contractions can be concentric (when the muscle contracts and shortens) or eccentric (when the muscle contracts and lengthens
Lactic acid
A mild poison and waste product of anaerobic respiration
Musculoskeletal system
The name used to describe the muscular system and the skeletal system working together
Oxygenated blood
Blood containing a high concentration of oxygen
Oxyhaemoglobin
A chemical formed when haemoglobin bonds to oxygen
Plantar Flexion
Movement at the ankle joint that points the toes and increases the angle at the joint
Prime mover (or ‘agonist’)
The muscle or group of muscles that contract to create movement. The prime mover works in an antagonistic pair with the antagonist
Pulse
The rhythmic throbbing you can feel as your arteries pump blood around the body. You can measure you heart rate using your pulse
Residual Volume
The amount of air that remains in your lungs after maximal expiration. There is no change in residual volume during exercise
Rotation
A circular movement around a joint, in other words a movement round an axis
Stroke volume (SV)
The volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction
Synovial joint
An area of the body where two or more articulating bones meet
Systole
The phase of the heartbeat when the chambers if the heart contract and empty if blood; when blood is ejected from the heart
Tendon
Very strong non-elastic cords that attach muscle to bone and transfer effort.
Tidal volume
The normal amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath. It increases with exercise
Vasoconstriction
The narrowing of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to decrease blood flow. The arteries constrict during exercise so that less blood is delivered to inactive places
Vasodilation
The widening of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to increase blood flow. The arteries dilate during exercise so that more blood is delivered to active areas, increasing the oxygen supply
Vital capacity
The largest volume of air that can be forcibly expired after the deepest possible inspiration
Aerobic training zone
Training in the aerobic training zone allows the performer to develop their ability to work aerobically. It is 60-80% of your MHR
Agility
The ability to move and change direction quickly, at speed, while maintaining control
Anaerobic training zone
Training in the anaerobic training zone allows the performer to develop their ability to work anaerobically. It is 80-90% of your MHR
Balance
Maintaining the centre of mass over the base of support. Balances can be static or dynamic
Cardiovascular endurance
Also known as aerobic power. The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles
Coordination
The ability to use two or more different parts of the body together, smoothly and efficiently
Fatigue
Physical fatigue is a feeling of extreme or severe tiredness due to a build up of lactic acid in the muscles or working for long periods of time
Fitness
The ability to meet, or cope with, the demands of the environment
FITT principle
Used to increase the amount of work the body does, in order to achieve overload. FITT stands for Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type
Flexibility
The range of movement possible at the a joint
Health
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Muscular Endurance
The ability of a muscle or a muscle group to undergo repeated contractions, avoiding fatigue
Power
The product of strength and speed. Power = strength x speed
Principles of training
guidelines that, if applied, ensure that training is effective and results in positive adaptations. The principles of training can be remembered using the mnemonic ‘SPORT’: Specific, Progressive Overload, Reversibility and Tedium
Progressive overload
gradually increasing the amount of overload so that fitness gains occur, without the potential for injury. Overload involved gradually increasing the stress placed on the body during training
Qualitative data
data that focuses on understanding things; it involves descriptions about people’s opinions, about the way they feel, think and behave, analysing qualitative data gives you a subjective answer to your questions
Reaction time
The time taken to initiate a response to a stimulus
Repetitions (reps)
The number of times an individual activity is performed
Reversibility
Fitness levels are lost when you stop exercising
Sets
A group of repetitions
Specificity
Making training specific to the sport or activity being played or performed, to the movements, muscles and energy systems which are used in that sport or activity
Speed
The maximum rate at which an individual is able to perform a movement or cover a distance in a period of time. Speed =distance /time
Strength
The ability to overcome resistance. There are four types of strength: maximal strength, static strength, explosive strength and dynamic strength
Tedium
The boredom that can occur when training the same way every time. Variety is needed in a training programme
Training thresholds
The upper and lower boundaries of the aerobic training zone and the anaerobic training zone are called training thresholds
