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GCSE Physical Education > Key terms > Flashcards

Key terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Articulating bones

A

Bones that meet at a joint to enable movement

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2
Q

Backflow

A

The flowing backwards of blood. Valves in the veins prevent this.

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3
Q

Blood Pressure

A

The pressure that blood is under. Systolic reading measures the pressure when the heart contracts. Diastolic reading measures the pressure of the blood when the heart relaxes.

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4
Q

Capillaries

A

A network of microscopic blood cells that are only one cell thick.

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5
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

One cycle of the diastole and systole is called the cardiac cycle

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6
Q

Cardiac output (q)

A

The volume of blood ejected from the heart in one minute. Cardiac output (q)= stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR)

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7
Q

Cardio-respiratory system

A

The name used to describe the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system working together.

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8
Q

Deoxygenated blood

A

Blood containing a low concentration of oxygen

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9
Q

Diastole

A

The phase of the heartbeat when the chambers of the heart relax and fill with blood

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10
Q

Diffusion pathway

A

The distance travelled during diffusion

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11
Q

DOMS

A

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

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12
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Movement at the ankle joint that flexes the foot upwards and decreases the angle at the ankle joint

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13
Q

EPOC

A

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption. The amount of oxygen needed to recover after exercise which leads to increased breathing rate and deeper breathing

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14
Q

Exhalation

A

The process of breathing out - AKA as expiration

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15
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

The amount of air that can be forced out after tidal volume (normal expiration) which decreases during exercise

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16
Q

Extension

A

Increase in the angle of bones at a joint

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17
Q

Fatigue

A

Physical fatigue is a feeling if extreme or severe tiredness due to a build up of lactic acid in the muscles or working for a long time

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18
Q

Flexion

A

Decrease in the angle of bones at a joint

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19
Q

Gaseous Exchange

A

The process where oxygen from the air in the alveoli moves into the blood in capillaries while carbon dioxide moves from the blood in the capillaries into the air in the alveoli

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20
Q

Haemoglobin

A

The protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen (as oxyhaemoglobin) and carbon dioxide around the body

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21
Q

Heart Rate

A

The number of times your heart beats in a minute. One heartbeat is one contraction and one relaxation of the heart. Heart rate is measured in (bpm)

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22
Q

Hypertrophy

A

The enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the size of its cells. When a muscle is trained, small tears are created. As they heal, they become thicker and increase in size

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23
Q

Inhalation

A

The process of breathing in also know as inspiration

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24
Q

Inspiration

A

The process of breathing also known as inhalation

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25
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume (after a normal inspiration). Inspiratory reserve volume decreases during exercise

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26
Q

Intensity

A

The amount of energy needed to complete an activity. Working at high intensity requires a large amount of energy. Working at a low intensity requires less energy

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27
Q

Isometric contraction

A

A muscle contraction where the length of the muscle does not change when it contracts

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28
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

A muscle contraction where the muscle changes length when it contracts, resulting in limb movement. Isotonic contractions can be concentric (when the muscle contracts and shortens) or eccentric (when the muscle contracts and lengthens

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29
Q

Lactic acid

A

A mild poison and waste product of anaerobic respiration

30
Q

Musculoskeletal system

A

The name used to describe the muscular system and the skeletal system working together

31
Q

Oxygenated blood

A

Blood containing a high concentration of oxygen

32
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin

A

A chemical formed when haemoglobin bonds to oxygen

33
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

Movement at the ankle joint that points the toes and increases the angle at the joint

34
Q

Prime mover (or ‘agonist’)

A

The muscle or group of muscles that contract to create movement. The prime mover works in an antagonistic pair with the antagonist

35
Q

Pulse

A

The rhythmic throbbing you can feel as your arteries pump blood around the body. You can measure you heart rate using your pulse

36
Q

Residual Volume

A

The amount of air that remains in your lungs after maximal expiration. There is no change in residual volume during exercise

37
Q

Rotation

A

A circular movement around a joint, in other words a movement round an axis

38
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction

39
Q

Synovial joint

A

An area of the body where two or more articulating bones meet

40
Q

Systole

A

The phase of the heartbeat when the chambers if the heart contract and empty if blood; when blood is ejected from the heart

41
Q

Tendon

A

Very strong non-elastic cords that attach muscle to bone and transfer effort.

42
Q

Tidal volume

A

The normal amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath. It increases with exercise

43
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

The narrowing of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to decrease blood flow. The arteries constrict during exercise so that less blood is delivered to inactive places

44
Q

Vasodilation

A

The widening of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to increase blood flow. The arteries dilate during exercise so that more blood is delivered to active areas, increasing the oxygen supply

45
Q

Vital capacity

A

The largest volume of air that can be forcibly expired after the deepest possible inspiration

46
Q

Aerobic training zone

A

Training in the aerobic training zone allows the performer to develop their ability to work aerobically. It is 60-80% of your MHR

47
Q

Agility

A

The ability to move and change direction quickly, at speed, while maintaining control

48
Q

Anaerobic training zone

A

Training in the anaerobic training zone allows the performer to develop their ability to work anaerobically. It is 80-90% of your MHR

49
Q

Balance

A

Maintaining the centre of mass over the base of support. Balances can be static or dynamic

50
Q

Cardiovascular endurance

A

Also known as aerobic power. The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles

51
Q

Coordination

A

The ability to use two or more different parts of the body together, smoothly and efficiently

52
Q

Fatigue

A

Physical fatigue is a feeling of extreme or severe tiredness due to a build up of lactic acid in the muscles or working for long periods of time

53
Q

Fitness

A

The ability to meet, or cope with, the demands of the environment

54
Q

FITT principle

A

Used to increase the amount of work the body does, in order to achieve overload. FITT stands for Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type

55
Q

Flexibility

A

The range of movement possible at the a joint

56
Q

Health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

57
Q

Muscular Endurance

A

The ability of a muscle or a muscle group to undergo repeated contractions, avoiding fatigue

58
Q

Power

A

The product of strength and speed. Power = strength x speed

59
Q

Principles of training

A

guidelines that, if applied, ensure that training is effective and results in positive adaptations. The principles of training can be remembered using the mnemonic ‘SPORT’: Specific, Progressive Overload, Reversibility and Tedium

60
Q

Progressive overload

A

gradually increasing the amount of overload so that fitness gains occur, without the potential for injury. Overload involved gradually increasing the stress placed on the body during training

61
Q

Qualitative data

A

data that focuses on understanding things; it involves descriptions about people’s opinions, about the way they feel, think and behave, analysing qualitative data gives you a subjective answer to your questions

62
Q

Reaction time

A

The time taken to initiate a response to a stimulus

63
Q

Repetitions (reps)

A

The number of times an individual activity is performed

64
Q

Reversibility

A

Fitness levels are lost when you stop exercising

65
Q

Sets

A

A group of repetitions

66
Q

Specificity

A

Making training specific to the sport or activity being played or performed, to the movements, muscles and energy systems which are used in that sport or activity

67
Q

Speed

A

The maximum rate at which an individual is able to perform a movement or cover a distance in a period of time. Speed =distance /time

68
Q

Strength

A

The ability to overcome resistance. There are four types of strength: maximal strength, static strength, explosive strength and dynamic strength

69
Q

Tedium

A

The boredom that can occur when training the same way every time. Variety is needed in a training programme

70
Q

Training thresholds

A

The upper and lower boundaries of the aerobic training zone and the anaerobic training zone are called training thresholds

GCSE Physical Education (5 decks)

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