Key Terms Flashcards
1
Q
Mixed Scanning
A
Amitai Etzioni introduced the concept of mixed scanning as a compromise between rational and incremental planning theories. Mixed scanning views planning decisions at two levels: the big picture and the small picture.
2
Q
Charles Lindblom
A
Incremental Planning dude - “mutual adjustment” wrote “The Science of Muddling Through”
3
Q
Advisory Plebiscite
A
Referendum - an unofficial vote to see how people are feeling on an issue
4
Q
Delphi Method
A
The Delphi Technique or Delphi Process is the name applied to a process used to attain a consensus from a group of experts. Delphi replaces direct confrontation and debate with a carefully planned, orderly program of sequential discussions.
5
Q
Cohort Survival Method
A
5 year increments using birth and death
6
Q
Regional Council
A
Same as Council of Governments - A COG or regional council is a multi-service entity with state- and locally-defined boundaries that delivers a variety of federal, state, and local programs while carrying out its function as a planning organization, technical assistance provider, and “visionary” to its member local governments. responsible to local governments
7
Q
Fishbowl Method
A
Small group conversations
8
Q
Adverse Possession
A
Person in possession of land owned by someone else gets the title
9
Q
Prescriptive Easement
A
10
Q
Arbitration
A
third party, legally binding result, good for unions
11
Q
Property Tax
A
Value of real property based
12
Q
Personal Property Tax
A
tax based on other things people own like a boat
13
Q
Beneficiary Assessment
A
used by World Bank to see how project will impact people
14
Q
Community Benefit Agreement (CBA)
A
Related to one project can have to do with hiring quotas, contracts, e.g. Staples Center
15
Q
STELLA
A
Computer aided negotiation tool - models to be developed and alternatives explored
16
Q
Participatory Technology Assessment
A
17
Q
Groupware
A
18
Q
Correlation
A
Strong -> +/- 1 and weak is closer to 0
19
Q
Impact Fees
A
Impact fee is to create adequate public facilities not improving them for a new development
Nollan: nexus between public improvement and dev impact
Dolan: Amount charges proportionate to impact
20
Q
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)
A
NEPA, Clean Air and Clean Water Act, Farm Bill Conservation
21
Q
Creative Placemaking
A
Creative placemaking integrates arts, culture, and design activities into efforts that strengthen communities.
22
Q
Critical Path Method
A
project management like PERT- project planning tool that works well when there are multiple activities and in which some of the activities cannot start until others are complete.
23
Q
ZBB
A
zero based budgeting - starts from a “zero base,” and every function within an organization is analyzed for its needs and costs - decision packages
24
Q
Regional Planning Examples
A
Portland, Columbus, Phoenix
25
Daniel Burnham
“Make no little plans; they have no magic to stir men's blood and probably themselves will not be realized.”
26
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
PM technique based on activity completion time - Each activity is assigned a best, worst, and most probable completion time estimate.
27
Nominal Group Technique
Brainstorming with team participation - group to share their ideas but to come to solution quickly (when tight for time) - particular form of brainstorming that aids team participation. Stages in the technique include problem clarification, silent idea generation, round robin idea collection, grouping, and ranking.
28
Citizen Control
Sherry Arnstein the top rung where residents can govern themselves
29
Dillon's Rule
Local governments are not provided with authority absent an express delegation of power from the state. (40 states use this vs Home Rule)
30
Input Output Analysis
is a form of macroeconomic analysis based on the interdependencies between different economic sectors or industries. It has a number of uses, including estimating employment change. finding an employment mulitplier
31
Economic Base Analysis
Economic base analysis looks at basic and non-basic economic activities. Basic activities are those that can be exported, such as automotive manufacturing. Developed as part of the Regional Plan of New York and its Environs in 1928
32
Edward Bassett
NYC Zoning Ordinance 1916 - "Father of Zoning"
33
About _____ percent of electricity go towards heating/cooling/lighting buildings
75
34
Eminent Domain
Eminent domain provides governments with the power to take private land for public use with fair compensation - 5th Amendment
35
Which is more work EA or EIS?
EIS
36
An EA results in what?
FONSI (Finding of No Significant Impact) or EIS
37
Equity
Being fair and impartial
38
Who to submit AICP complaints to?
AICP Ethics Officer
39
1956 Federal Highway Act
The 1956 Federal Highway Act created the highway system that links state capitals and most large cities, and it also created the Highway Trust Fund to finance highway building. Sources of revenue for the Highway Trust Fund include taxes collected from vehicle sales.
40
Federal Property Administration Act of 1949 -> GSA
The Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 is a United States federal law that established the General Services Administration, which is responsible for managing, acquiring, and disposing of federal property.
41
Fire Rating is based on what?
Distance to nearest fire station and water availability
42
Southdale Center - Edina, Minnesota
Designed by Victor Gruen, it was the first indoor, climate-controlled regional mall built in the U.S.
43
Which city had the first metropolitan plan in the United States?
Chicago
44
Which city has the first comprehensive plan?
Cincinnati (Bettman and Segoe)
45
What city was first to pass a zoning ordinance?
San Francisco 1867
46
What city was first to adopt comprehensive zoning ordinance?
NYC 1916
47
What level is flood protection projects at?
National - US Army Corps of Engineers
48
New Urbanism likes...
Form based zoning
49
Ebenezer Howard's Garden City
Limited dividend company, communal land ownership, increase land value, farmland using agricultural rate
50
George Pullman
Model company town, with housing, worker rebellion, not land use law
51
Georges-Eugene Haussmann
Modern Paris dude
52
Le Corbusier
Towers in park dude
53
Charles Garnier
Palace of Versailles, Casino of Monte Carlo, Paris Opera House
54
GI Bill
The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 (better known as the G.I. Bill) provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I.s) as well as one year of unemployment compensation. It also provided loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses.
55
Gross domestic product + income from abroad - income non residents
Gross National Product (location of ownership not production)
56
Great Streets
Streets designated by APA as part of the Great Places in America program
57
The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook
The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook and its accompanying User Manual are the culmination of APA's seven-year Growing Smart project, an effort to draft the next generation of model planning and zoning legislation for the U.S.
58
Growth Management
The regulation of the character, location, and timing of development
59
Concurrency
The sequencing of growth to ensure adequate infrastructure is in place
60
Special District
The adjustment of tax rates to pay for enhanced services
61
Harland Bartholomew
Newark, NJ first full time city planner, wrote a comp plan for St.Louis
62
Fair Housing Act
Part of Civil Rights Act - Zoning and subdivision regulations can contain measures that conflict with federal protections under the Fair Housing Act. Among the most common problems are ordinances restricting the number of unrelated individuals who may occupy a residence, standards for development that unduly restrict access by protected classes, and restrictions on supportive services provided within a residential unit.
63
National rate of homeownership
65%
64
HOPE VI
The HOPE VI program was a significant urban redevelopment effort in the U.S. that changed the way that HUD approached housing assistance for the poor. It did replace severely distressed public housing projects with redesigned mixed-income housing and provided housing vouchers for residents to seek housing on the private market. However, despite HOPE VI, many African Americans continue to live in sub-standard housing projects with uninhabitable units.
65
Hoshin Kanri
is a method for ensuring that the strategic goals drive progress and action at every level within that organization. The process includes establishing a vision, developing objectives, deploy annual objectives, implement objectives, and then review progress on a monthly and annual basis.
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Hypothesis test
A hypothesis test is designed to reject a null hypothesis, but never to accept the alternative hypothesis.
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John Snow
Cholera map London 1854 dot density map or later heat map
68
Cartogram
Thematic map that distorts the geography based on alternate variable
69
Lease Purchase
A lease-purchase allows for the rental of a building or property with the exclusive option to purchase at specified points in the agreement.
70
Linear programming
Determining an optimal solution in planning
71
CPM, PERT, Gantt
All scheduling tools
72
Location Quotient
regional/national employment if >1 exporter if <1 importer
73
LOS A
free flow
74
LOS F
any standstill
75
LOS D
High flow, a bit inconvenient but stable still
76
Manufactured Housing
63% of new manufactured homes are placed on private property and 37% are placed in manufactured home communities.
77
Marriage Rates
Declined from 72 percent in 1960 to 51 percent in 2010
78
Metropolitan Statistical Area
MSA, over 388 currently, one urbanized core area with 50k or more pop - Central City, economic ties
79
Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area
A geographic entity, as defined by the Federal Office of Management and Budget for use by federal statistical agencies, based on the concept of two or more overlapping core areas with a large population nuclei that includes at least 1 million people.
80
Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act
MAP-21 provides funding for passenger rail, public transit, bicycle, and pedestrian paths
81
Oversampling
Oversampling in data analysis adjusts the class distribution of a data set (the ratio between the different classes/categories represented) so that groups who are not usually represented proportionally in research have an opportunity to be represented properly.
82
Primacy Effect
Primacy effect describes the tendency to choose earlier answers in a list of elaborated options.
83
Benefits of Closed Ended Questions
Easily summarized data, higher response rates, increase response specificity
84
Open-ended questions
Open-ended questions should ask for specific recommendations to specific questions or scenarios.
85
Shift Share
A shift-share analysis determines what portions of regional economic growth or decline can be attributed to national and regional economic and industry factors. The analysis helps identify industries where a regional economy has competitive advantages over the larger economy. To conduct a shift-share analysis, one must know the industry employment for the region and the nation Allocated expansion. Leading and lagging
86
Step Down
Going across scale for future estimates with current pop estimates - good for small regions
87
A rezoning...
is not involved in subdivision
88
Symptomatic Population Estimates
Symptomatic population estimates include using local data such as utility connections or building permits to estimate the current population.
89
Tax Increment Financing
TIFs are best used in blighted areas that have the potential for an increased tax base. A TIF is used to finance public improvements through the increase in tax value on the surrounding property.
90
LIHTC
Low Income Housing Tax Credit - 15 year compliance for units, 90% of construction funded this way, max rent based on AMI, LIHTCs provide a dollar-for-dollar tax reduction in a taxpayer’s federal income tax. Encourages the investment of private equity for developing affordable rental housing for low-income and very low-income households. It does this by awarding tax credits to taxpayers who invest in multifamily rental housing that serves these low-income households
91
USGS Topos
What type of map uses scales of 1:25,000; 1:50,000; and 1:100,000?
92
Translational Research
Translational research aims to make findings from basic science useful for practical applications that enhance human health and well-being. It is practiced in a wide variety, of fields such as environmental science and the health, behavioral, and social sciences.
93
Triple bottom line
The triple bottom line is a business and planning concept that argues firms should not focus on profit alone (the “bottom line”) but should also value environmental and social externalities and benefits. It is also referred to by the “three Ps”: profit, people, and planet. Also environment, equity, economy
94
Urban Cluster
is an area with at least 2,500 but less than 50,000 people and a population density of 1,000 persons per square mile. (added to 2000 Census)
95
Urban Service Limit Line
An Urban Service Limit Line is a boundary, sometimes parcel-specific, located to mark the outer limits beyond which urban development will not be allowed. It has the aim of discouraging urban sprawl by containing urban development during a specified period, and its location may be modified over time. An Urban Service Limit Line does not determine where public schools will be located.
96
Wagner Steagall Act (Housing Act of 1937)
The Wagner-Steagall Act of 1937 created a two-tiered policy of providing mortgage insurance to promote home ownership for the middle class, while creating public housing for the poor. The neighborhood composition rule created a class and race segregation. This means that public housing in white neighborhoods was reserved for white familie
97
Urbanized Area
An Urban Cluster is a densely settled territory that has at least 2,500 people but less than 50,000 and is new for Census 2000.
98
Urban Cluster
An Urbanized area (UA) is an area consisting of a central place and adjacent territory with a general population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile of land area. This land area has a minimum residential population of at least 50,000 people.
99
PERT
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is a scheduling technique. It graphically depicts the interrelationships of the tasks that make up the project. It is used to help control the cost and time of a project. Five main points of PERT are: 1) focuses of key aspects of program development. 2) Identifies potential problems 3) facilitates evaluation of programming 4) provides a speedy reporting device 5) improves the quality management of the decision-making. when TIME important
100
Sherry Arnstein Ladder
Manipulation -> Therapy -> Informing -> Consultation -> Placation -> Parternship -> Delegate Power -> Citizen Control (Non participation, tokenism, citizen power)
101
Capitalization Rate
Net income/total purchase price value (the rate of return based on income)
102
What is the smallest Census geographic unit for which the Census Bureau collects 100-percent data?
census block* - block group - tract
103
Charrette
Doesn't need licensed architect - issues include incomplete info, not the right stakeholders, lack of commitment to outcome - best for project that will impact people and they will see and interact with -> part of smart code planning process
104
Performance budgeting
ties budget to performance objectives
105
Planning Programming Budget System
PPBS is about linking planning and budgeting and making the budget reflect objectives, strategies, and plans, more focus on planning than just budgeting
106
Capital Improvement Plan
5-7 years, can include operating and long term maintenance costs (planning and funding public facilities and infrastructure) so big things like land acquisitions and concurrency
107
Climate resiliency efforts
Address short term and long term efforts although not well funded - most funds go to immediate disaster recovery
108
Comprehensive Plan
20 years usually, has land use, transit, housing -> zoning is a tool for comprehensive plan implementation but not in it
109
Roadway connectivity index
density of connections in a road network and the directness of links. A well-connected road has many short links and intersections, with minimal dead ends. As the connectivity increases, travelers have more route options and more direct travel between destinations. High = more connected
110
Mediation
more for large group
111
Cost Revenue Analysis
Also fiscal impact analysis - need revenues and expenditures -> specific program of thing not super general
112
Coupon rate
annual rate of interests pain on a bond
113
SmartCode
form based code based on new urbanist principles - bring in the charrette
114
When does driving retirement typically occur?
10 years before end of life
115
Necessity
According to the common law doctrine, an easement by necessity is used to allow a landlocked landowner to access a public roadway over another’s private land when no other relief is feasible.
116
Inverse condemnation
Inverse condemnation is a remedy for property owners when a government takes or damages a property for public use without having brought an eminent domain proceeding. To successfully bring an action for inverse condemnation, the property owner must show that the a government’s taking has failed to promote substantial governmental interests or has deprived the owner of the economic value of their property.
117
Economic forecasting
used to provide basis for land use decision particularly commercial
118
Scoping
The Scoping Report (including Plan of Study for Environmental Impact Assessment) requires descriptions of the proposed activity, any feasible and reasonable alternatives, the property and the environment that might be affected, and the manner in which the biological, social, economic, and cultural aspects of the environment may be impacted by the proposed activity. The Scoping Report will also detail the public participation process undertaken.
119
Miami 21
Miami 21 is a form-based code, guided by the tenants of Smart Growth and New Urbanism
120
Grading Plan
Need topographic map - how stormwater will run off the property
121
Average size of grocery store
60,000+ square feet
122
Average size of restaurant
5000 square feet
123
Average size of department store
150,000 square feet
124
Average size of discount store
175k square feet
125
Satisficing
Herbert Simon - make satisfactory choice instead of optimal
126
John Friedmann
Urbanization research in China and economic development - founding planning professor at UCLA
127
Principle cause of homelesseness
The principal cause of the increase in homelessness were cuts in federal aid programs. The AFDC (Aid to Famliies with Dependent Children) program was replaced with the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families. This program helps only a portion of the families that AFDC reached. The amount paid to persons receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI) has not increased at a rate that keeps up with the cost of living. The SSI payment, which supports the disabled, is less than the average monthly rent for a studio apartment.
128
Jane Addams
Social workers in 19th and early 20th century, established Hull House in Chicago to providing housing to low income people 1899, suffragette
129
Flat organization
= more communication
130
Management by Objectives (MBO)
process of agreeing upon objectives within an organization so that management and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they are. The Management By Objectives term was first popularized by Peter Drucker in 1954 in his book "The Practice of Management."
131
CPTED
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
132
LBCS
Land Based Classification Standards - For local planning purposes, LBCS calls for classifying land uses in the following dimensions: Activity, Function, Structure Type, Site Development Character, and Ownership.
133
Transportation Improvement Program
The Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) is a six-year financial program that describes the schedule for obligating federal funds to state and local projects. The TIP contains funding information for all modes of transportation including roadway projects, as well as transit capital and operating costs.
134
Land Value Capture
Land Value Capture is a method that helps finance public improvements by capturing some of the value that typically accrues to property located near such improvements.
135
Lawrence Veiller
led 1901 tenement reform in NYC
136
Patrick Geddess
father of modern urban planning, scottish, regionalism movement
137
Henri Lefebrve
right to the city
138
public hearing
A public hearing includes a technical presentation, group Q&A, and a formal transcript.
139
public meeting
less formal than above
140
open house
An open house is less structured and does not involve a formal presentation. Open houses can include a series of less formal presentations or information displays with one-on-one Q&As between members of the planning department and interested residents.
141
Robert Weaver
First African American in US Cabinet head of HUD
142
Scoping
related to EIS
143
Gompertz
The Gompertz curve or Gompertz function is a time series mathematical model in which growth is slowest at the start and end of a given time period
144
3C's of public engagement
Coalition building, Consensus building, and Conflict resolution
145
Net Present Value
FV = (1+r)^years*PV
146
UrbanSim
UrbanSim is a simulation modeling software that allows the ability to simulate the impacts of land use and transportation plans from a parcel to metropolitan area.
147
Vested Rights
granted dev rights regardless of time period - The question is often framed in terms of whether the property owner’s right to develop has “vested” and cannot be taken away or changed by subsequent municipal action.
148
Vieux Carre Commission
First Historic Preservation Commission - New Orleans
149
Warren County
The environmental justice movement was launched into mainstream media attention in 1982, when predominantly Black residents of Warren County, North Carolina protested a state decision to dispose of toxic PCB waste near the county’s water supply. The over 500 arrests encouraged national efforts against racist siting practices.
150
Wicked problem
A wicked problem is defined as a problem with multiple stakeholders with conflicting interests and no easy, single solution. Everything is a wicked problem lmaooo
151
IWRM / One Water
Integrated Water Resource Management
152
CPTE
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design - CPTED relies on three primary principles: 1) natural access control, 2) natural surveillance, and 3) territoriality. Related to New Urbanism
153
Stafford Act (1988)
"was enacted to support state and local governments and their citizens when disasters overwhelm them. This law establishes a process for requesting and obtaining a Presidential disaster declaration, defines the type and scope of assistance available under the Stafford Act, and sets the conditions for obtaining that assistance."
154
SafeScape
Related to New Urbanism. An approach to designing communities that has the primary focus on creating a sense of community
155
Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000
Changes to Stafford, that emphasizes the need for state, tribal, and local entities to closely coordinate mitigation planning and implementation efforts and links the planning requirements to eligibility for several categories of disaster recovery funding. Shift from response to mitigation like name suggests
156
CII Act (2002)
Critical Infrastructure Information Act limits who has knowledge of info send to DHS (created in 2002) protects from FOIA
157
National Flood Insurance Act of 1968
Title 8 of HUD Act of 1968, flood risk and insurance related to FEMA FIRM (Flood Insurance Rate Maps)
158
Superfund
Polluter/property owner pays - federal cleanup program
159
American Community Survey
only down to block group, census bureau only updates every 10 years
160
Top 5 Household Surveys
Current Population Survey, American Household Survey, National Crime Victimization Survey, American Community Survey, National Health Interview Survey
161
Consensus
mediation (for individuals)
but for a bigger group, usually around the environment
162
What is the road speed of local roads?
25-35 mph
163
Drosscape
an urban design framework that examines urbanized regions as the product of past economic and industrial processes. The concept focuses on the redesign and adaptive reuse of “waste landscapes” within regions.
164
Predictive vs Descriptive Policy
before or after the policy
165
Enterprise Fund
An enterprise fund is an account established to manage the revenues and expenditures of a self-sufficient activity such as a golf course, zoo, parking garage, minor league baseball park etc. Fee is charged for goods or services.
166
Special Revenue Funds
account for the proceeds of specific revenue sources. The fund is used to record the proceeds from specific revenue sources for which fund usage is restricted
167
Executive Order 12898 (1994)
Clinton - stated that federal actions shall address environmental justice in minority and low-income populations. Every federal agency has as its mission to try to address environmental justice.
168
Title VI of 1964 Civil Rights Act
prohibits intentional discrimination on the grounds of race, color, or national origin under any program receiving federal financial assistance
169
Ethical firewall
creates wall between staff and the elected officials so no corruption or something in there
170
GAM
Goals Achievement Method used in plan evaluation
171
Federal definition of homeless person - not best in rural areas b/c lack of shelters
"lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence ... and has a primary night residency that is: a shelter or a public or private place not designed for, or ordinarily used as, a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings."
172
How much owner occupied?
65% housing so like 2/3
173
1949 Housing act
slum clearance funds, FHA mortgage insurance and money for 800k homes
174
Housing Act 1954
urban renewal funds and federal assistance - Section 701 local comprehensive planning
175
HOME -> HOPE VI
1990, 1992
176
Developers responsibility for public internal infrastructure on its property
Not city yayyy
177
James Rouse
Columbia Maryland designer
178
Sierra Club
1892 John Muir, opposing high density in CA - largest env organization
179
Father of modern housing code
Lawrence Veiller - laws for fire and running water, Tenement Exhibtion
180
Lingle V Chevron overturns Agins Tiburoun
severity of burden rather than substanatiually advances
181
LIHTC related to
Quality Affordable Plan
182
Village of Mariemont
National Historic Land mark one of earliest garden cities with car in mind - John Nolen
183
Multi-attribute Utility Analysis
for weight to be assigned the various values and for different alternatives to be evaluated.
184
Micropoiltan statistical area
are urban areas in the United States based around an urban cluster (urban area) with a population of 10,000 to 49,999.
185
Transportation planning is
continuing, cooperative, comprehensive
186
Harvey Perloff and Banfield
Rational planning advocate
187
1934 Indian Reorganization Act
organization and constitutions, Wheeler Howard act, economic foundation, decrease federal control
188
Tribal Designated Statistical Area
TDSAs are a unit delineated by the Census in partnership with federally recognized tribes.
189
New Markets Tax Credit Program
spurs business development by providing tax credit incentives to investors for equity investments in Community Development Entities
190
Citizen Jury
engage randomized citizens on topic and get their opinions through deliberation
191
Process Evaluation
collecting data at beginning and throughout to interrogate if participatory process was good
192
Outcome Evaluation
collecting changes on how people engage with each other after public participation
193
Ripple Effect Mapping
is a "method used in evaluation" to engage key stakeholders in assessing the impact of community engagement -> used in evaluation not an evaluation itself
194
Parking space size
9 feet by 24 feet - around 400 square feet
195
Pro forma
financial projection that includes an income statement for a real estate project that shows the capital cost, operating revenue and expenses, and return on investment for one or more years
196
regressive
lower income pay more tax than higher
197
progressive
higher income pay more than lower
198
proportional tax
same rate for everyone
199
tax increment
property tax from development generated
200
Proportional Valuation Method
A fiscal analysis that estimates the average costs of the proposed office development is known as the Proportional Valuation Method. The proportional valuation method examines increases in community revenues and expenditures related to development. Proportional to land use and tax base
201
Radburn NJ
Clarence Stein and Henry Wright garden city 1929 - 30k people and mixed use
202
Range data appropriate for
interval and ratio
203
Regression
relationship between two variables and the "degree" of influence
204
Section 404 of Clean Water Act
run by Army Corp to regulated dredged or fill into water - not permitted if alternatives or really bad for water - protection of wetlands by report violation, education, and aquisition
205
Spatial Justice
How our cities are organized has a significant bearing on whether people have access to what they need.
206
Social Justice
People being able to realize their potential in the communities in which they live.
207
Standard City Planning Enabling Act (1928)
Dept Commerce - Hoover
208
Susan Fainstein Elements of Just CIty
Democracy, Equity and Diversity
209
Third Places
Third places, sometimes referred to as third spaces) are the social spaces in between where people live (the first place) and where people work (the second place). These social spaces can include parks, cafes, museums and other types of locations in which people enjoy spending time as a community.
210
Urban Cluster smaller than Urbanized Area
50k threshold, census tracts has around 4k people
211
Equity Planning
Norman Krumholz, advanced the principle of working inside the government to address the needs of the under-served
212
Participatory Budgeting
community members vote on capital budget priorities in their district, ward, or neighborhood service area
213
Good customer service
has the potential to save on costs by lessening the need to constantly clean up problems and mistakes; also, it has the potential to save time
214
Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949
established General Service Administration
215
Federal Surplus Property Act (1944)
Disposal of Property
216
FOIA
1967 federal FOIA, states and cities have varying policies
217
Leader skills
political acumen, willingness to take appropriate risks, and advocacy
218
Manager skills
attention to detail, deference to an existing power structure, and willingness to get to a clean resolution at the expense of the right resolution.
219
Sector Theory
areas in a city develop in sectors along the lines of communication, from the central business district (CBD) outward. High-quality areas locate along roads; industrial sectors develop along canals and railways, away from high-quality housing; and working-class housing locates near industry.
220
How many people are homeless on a given night?
half a million
221
Inequity
Inequity is marked by the attributes of disproportionality and institutionalized inequity
222
Multiplier analysis
jobs gained and lost - this many jobs for this amount of something
223
The Great Inversion
poor suburbs and wealthy cities
224
Special Assessment District
to fund a fixed price special project through property tax or something
225
Special District
independent unit of local government often created by referendum and organized to perform government functions in a specific geographic area. They usually have the power to incur debt and levy taxes.
226
T test
A t-test is a test on the difference in means between two subgroups.
227
Appropriate engagement
Beginning - town hall, middle - open house, focus groups, end - public hearing
228
Dams are built by
US Bureau of Reclamation
229
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948 was amended in 1972 and became known as the Clean Water Act.
Federal Water Pollution Control Act -> Clean Water (also passed in 72 Coastal Zone Management Act)
230
Lingle vs Chevron overturns...
substantial advancement (reduces all value and has state value) found in Agins v Tiburon and returns to return on investment of Penn Central
231
Americans with Disabilities Act
passed in 1990 includes protection for mental and physical disabilities and reasonable, public facilities must be accessible accommodations similar to civil rights act in 1964
232
Broadband access
25% of Americans don't have access to broadband
233
Clarence Perry's Neighborhood Unit
5k - 9k people, 10 units per acre, school at center
234
Columbia, Maryland
In 1963, the Rouse Company began the development of Columbia, Maryland. The 14,000-acre master planned development was developed to provide jobs, recreation, shopping, health care, and a mix of housing at different price points. The development was designed to create a jobs-housing balance.
235
Land assembly
getting smaller parcels to make a bigger development area
236
Concentric Zone Theory
The correct answer is invasion and succession. Concentric Circle theory, developed by Earnest Burgess in 1925, finds that growth happens by land uses expanding outward from one area to another. For example, downtown office towers expanding into a warehouse district.
237
Enterprise fund
An enterprise fund is an account that manages the revenues and expenditures of a self-sufficient activity such as a minor league baseball park, parking garage, or zoo.
238
EJ is required in EIS for US DOT
General principles required as part of the EIS analysis are: Identification of Minority or Low-Income Populations, Public Participation, Numeric Analysis (that agencies should consider relevant demographic, public health and industry data), and Alternatives and Mitigation.
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Executive Director of APA
is the same person as the Ethics Officer
240
Process (to what extent implementation questions i.e. how did it go tracked at beginning and throughout, Outcome (assesses change but not causality), Impact (change and causality)
evaluation design option for effectiveness of community engagement
241
Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (2015)
seven goals including safety, infrastructure condition, congestion reduction, system reliability, freight movement & economic vitality, environmental sustainability and reduced project delivery delays
242
Gen Y
also known as echo boomers and millennials, children of baby boomers 1980- 1995 between X and Z
243
Performance Management Plan
for individual staff members not big agency goals
244
HOME Program (1990)
The Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act (1990) created the HOME program. The HOME program provides block grants to local governments to increase the supply of affordable housing.
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Neighborhood Planning Process
I. Engage the public II. Define the problems III. Present the necessary information IV. Identify goals
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Peter Calthorpe
TOD, urban planner and founding member of Congress for new urbanism
247
Push analysis
Sales capacity of a market area
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Real property
Real property consists of all land, structures, attached equipment, such as street lights, anything growing on the land, and all "interests" in the property, which ca include the right to future ownership, right to occupy for a period of time, the right to drill for oil, the right to get the property back if it is no longer used for its current purpose, use of airspace, or an easement across another's property.
249
ADT
Average Daily Traffic
250
Adverse possession
a method of acquiring title to a property by possession for a period of time, based on statute.
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Homesteading
Vacancy, Occurs when the land has no legal owner or is owned by the government. The government allows homesteading with an expectation that the person occupying the property will undertake specific actions to gain the title.
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Relative affordability
The ratio of median housing price to median income is the preferred metric of the relative affordability of housing in a community.
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American Community Survey
It uses a series of monthly samples to produce annually updated estimates for census tracts and block groups
254
Multi generational households in 2016
20%
255
3 c's of a staff report
compliance, consistency, compatability
256
Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe
Started environmental justice grassroots movement after its success
257
Transactive planning
one on one work with citizens
258
Communicative Planning theory
consensus building
259
Conservation zoning
requires the clustering of homes while preserving open space. The subdivisions can be designed to protect well water areas by placing septic systems in other areas.
260
land capability analysis
assesses the suitability of land for development.
261
Basis for land use law in US
Common law, the constitution, and statutes
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Planning cell
a deliberative method where randomly-selected, diverse participants collaborate on developing solutions to a given issue and report the resulting recommendations to the relevant decision-makers - rating alternatives against goals
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New regionalism
Emphasize the importance of bringing together regional stakeholders including public and private sectors
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