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psychology > key terms > Flashcards

key terms Flashcards

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1
Q

internal mental process

A

private operations of the mind eg perception and attention

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2
Q

schema

A

a mental framework of beliefs and expectations developed from experience

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3
Q

inference

A

drawing conclusions

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4
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes

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5
Q

introspection

A

reflection on cognitive process

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6
Q

subjective

A

based on opinion, judgment, feelings and point lf view

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7
Q

objective

A

factual and based on observations and measurements

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8
Q

classical conditioning

A

learn through association

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9
Q

operant conditioning

A

learn through consequences

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10
Q

time contiguity

A

association only occurs when the ucs and the ns are presented at the same time

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11
Q

positive reinforcement

A

satisfying or pleasant consequence

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12
Q

negative reinforcement

A

unpleasant consequences is removed

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13
Q

extinction

A

association fades when its not reinforced

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14
Q

generalisation

A

conditioned association widens beyond specific stimuli

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15
Q

ARMM

A

attention
retention
motor reproduction
motivation

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16
Q

genotype

A

genetic code written in the DNA of an individuals cells

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17
Q

phenotype

A

physical appearance that results from genotype

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18
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

a chemical messenger that makes it more likely the next neuron will fire so an impulse with travel down its axon - increases brain activity in central nervous system

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19
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

a chemical messenger that prevents or reduces likelihood the next neuron will fire - decreases brain activity in central nervous system

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20
Q

genes

A

make up chromosomes and consist of DNA

21
Q

frontal lobe

A

speech, thought, learning

22
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing, memory

23
Q

parietal lobe

A

process sensory info - touch, temperature, pain

24
Q

proximity

A

children remain physically close to attachment figure

25
Q

separation distress

A

distressed when attachment figure leaves presence

26
Q

secure base behaviour

A

return to attachment figure while playing

27
Q

reciprocity

A

infant elicits response from caregiver

28
Q

interactional synchrony

A

infant mirrors actions of other person

29
Q

unconscious

A

primary source of human behaviour and storehouse of biological drives

30
Q

pre conscious

A

made up of thoughts that may surface at any point - these thoughts come out in dreams and parapraxes

31
Q

conscious

A

mind is visible and is what we are aware of

32
Q

repression

A

blocking unacceptable thoughts and impulses

33
Q

denial

A

refusal to accept reality

34
Q

displacement

A

redirecting thoughts and feelings in situations where a person feels unable to express them

35
Q

extraneous variables

A

do not vary with the IV and can often be controlled before the experiment begins

36
Q

confounding variables

A

vary with the IV so we cannot be sure what caused change in the DV

37
Q

randomisation

A

use of chance to reduce researcher’s influence on the investigation

38
Q

standardisation

A

making sure all participants are subject to same instructions and conditions

39
Q

demand characteristics

A

participants interpret cues from the researcher and may change behaviour as a result

40
Q

aim

A

statement that describes purpose of investigation

41
Q

hypothesis

A

states the relationship between variables

42
Q

directional hypothesis

A

makes it clear what sort of difference is anticipated

43
Q

non directional hypothesis

A

states a difference between conditions

44
Q

null hypothesis

A

states no difference

45
Q

independent variable (IV)

A

we manipulate it to see the effect on the DV

46
Q

dependant variable (DV)

A

a variable we measure

47
Q

experimental condition

A

the participants who are handed the IV are the experimental condition

48
Q

control condition

A

control condition provides basis for comparison

49
Q

operationalisation

A

when a variable is defined by the researcher and is a way of measuring that variable is developed for research

psychology (11 decks)

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