key terms Flashcards
internal mental process
private operations of the mind eg perception and attention
schema
a mental framework of beliefs and expectations developed from experience
inference
drawing conclusions
cognitive neuroscience
scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes
introspection
reflection on cognitive process
subjective
based on opinion, judgment, feelings and point lf view
objective
factual and based on observations and measurements
classical conditioning
learn through association
operant conditioning
learn through consequences
time contiguity
association only occurs when the ucs and the ns are presented at the same time
positive reinforcement
satisfying or pleasant consequence
negative reinforcement
unpleasant consequences is removed
extinction
association fades when its not reinforced
generalisation
conditioned association widens beyond specific stimuli
ARMM
attention
retention
motor reproduction
motivation
genotype
genetic code written in the DNA of an individuals cells
phenotype
physical appearance that results from genotype
excitatory neurotransmitters
a chemical messenger that makes it more likely the next neuron will fire so an impulse with travel down its axon - increases brain activity in central nervous system
inhibitory neurotransmitters
a chemical messenger that prevents or reduces likelihood the next neuron will fire - decreases brain activity in central nervous system
genes
make up chromosomes and consist of DNA
frontal lobe
speech, thought, learning
temporal lobe
hearing, memory
parietal lobe
process sensory info - touch, temperature, pain
proximity
children remain physically close to attachment figure
separation distress
distressed when attachment figure leaves presence
secure base behaviour
return to attachment figure while playing
reciprocity
infant elicits response from caregiver
interactional synchrony
infant mirrors actions of other person
unconscious
primary source of human behaviour and storehouse of biological drives
pre conscious
made up of thoughts that may surface at any point - these thoughts come out in dreams and parapraxes
conscious
mind is visible and is what we are aware of
repression
blocking unacceptable thoughts and impulses
denial
refusal to accept reality
displacement
redirecting thoughts and feelings in situations where a person feels unable to express them
extraneous variables
do not vary with the IV and can often be controlled before the experiment begins
confounding variables
vary with the IV so we cannot be sure what caused change in the DV
randomisation
use of chance to reduce researcher’s influence on the investigation
standardisation
making sure all participants are subject to same instructions and conditions
demand characteristics
participants interpret cues from the researcher and may change behaviour as a result
aim
statement that describes purpose of investigation
hypothesis
states the relationship between variables
directional hypothesis
makes it clear what sort of difference is anticipated
non directional hypothesis
states a difference between conditions
null hypothesis
states no difference
independent variable (IV)
we manipulate it to see the effect on the DV
dependant variable (DV)
a variable we measure
experimental condition
the participants who are handed the IV are the experimental condition
control condition
control condition provides basis for comparison
operationalisation
when a variable is defined by the researcher and is a way of measuring that variable is developed for research
