Key Terms 1,5,8,12 Flashcards
a disease causing microorganism that is contained within human blood
bloodborne pathogen
A spore forming bacterium that releases toxins into the bowel
Clostridium difficile (C Diff)
Measures used to block the spread of pathogens by either direct or indirect contact
Contact precautions
Transference of microorganisms from on infected person to another person by direct touch or by indirect transmission from a contaminated object or person
Contract transmission
Communicable by contact
Contagious
The process that inactivated virtually all recognized pathogenic microorganisms except for spores on inanimate objects
Disinfection
Infection transmission by respiratory droplets carrying infectious pathogens directly from the respiratory tract of the infectious individual to susceptible surfaces of the recipient
Droplet transmission
Special precautions taken when there is potential for someone to come into contact with infectious waste, such as diarrhea
Enteric precaution
Inflammation of the liver
Hepatitis
Enlargement of the liver
Hepatomegaly
The virus responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Human immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
A person with an impaired immune system
Immunocompromised
A means of disease transmission by a contaminated object termed a vector
Indirect transmission
A condition that results when microorganisms cause injury to a susceptible host
Infection
Diseases that are spread from one person to another
Infectious diseases
Yellowing of skin and white of sclera of the eyes
Jaundice
Type of antibiotic resistant bacteria that easily colonizes on the skin and transmits from patient to patient either by direct or indirect contact
MRSA
Manner in which microorganisms can be transmitted
Mode of transmission
Respirator that can be worn to avoid contracting airborne pathogens
N95 respirator
Hospital acquired infection
Nosocomial infection
Organism that lives in or on another organism from which it gathers nourishment
Parasite
Items worn by healthcare professionals to preorder them from exposure or contact with infectious agents
PPE - personal protective equipment
The lowest level of infection control that includes use of soap or detergent, warm water, and manual friction
Sanitization
Life threatening immune response that is the result of a bacterial infection
Sepsis
Measures for reducing the risk of microorganism transmission from both recognized and unrecognized sources
Standard precautions
The complete destruction of all microorganisms including spores on inanimate objects
Sterilization
Name 4 types of pathogens
Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Parasites
Never leave a patient room with ___ on.
Gloves
What is the most common health care associated infection?
Urinary Tract infection due to catheter
When should sterile gel be used?
When scanning someone with open would and transducer cover
Also when patient is immunocompromised
Staph infection that is resistant to antibiotics
MRSA
Why is c diff so dangerous?
Highly resistant to disinfectants
Spread easily
Toxins in bowel
When should the N95 fitted mask be worn?
Around airborne diseases such as tuberculosis
CDC stand for
Centers for disease control and prevention
1 in ___ people carry staph in their noses
1 in 3 ppl
The second most common microbe to cause nosocomial infection
VRE - Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus
The most common bloodborne infection in the US is
HCV (hep c)
___ can live within pooled dried noodles for more than a week
HBV
Ways to break the cycle of infection
Wash hands
PPE
Dispose of syringes in proper container
Never recap a needle
What is PPE?
Person protective equipment
- gloves
- mask
- gown
- booties
How to clean hands when patient has diarrhea?
Wash with soap and water
-DONT use alcohol gel
Standard precaution applies to
All patients
When do you discard if your gloves, gowns and mask?
BEFORE you leave the patient room/area
Order that you get dressed when putting on PPE
1) mask
2) gown
3) gloves
Order that you take off PPE
1) gloves
2) gown
3) mask
When is enteric precaution used?
When patient has c diff or patient has diarrhea
When a patient is in strict isolation, when should the equipment be cleaned and what PPE should be worn?
Clean after leaving the room
Mask, gloves, gown
When would droplet precaution be put in place?
If a patient has TB or COVID
- use of N95 fitted mask is necessary
When is reverse isolation used and what PPE should be taken?
When a patient has neutropenia or compromised immune system
-wear sterile gloves, gowns, and mask
Use sterile gel and sterile transducer cover
Patient with very low WBC
Neutropenia
If a patient is in reverse isolation, when should I wash ur hands?
Before entering the room
Types of wound skin precautions
Gangrene
Cellulitis
Burns
Staph infection
-may need to use sterile gel and sterile gloves
If you are exposed to any pathogen or get hurt on the job, what should you do?
Notify management and teachers ASAP
No sterile environment
Asepsis
Use of soap and warm water
Sanitize
Use of bleach or hydrogen peroxide
Disinfect
Chemical disinfectant
Sterilization
Transvaginal transducer should be soaked for 10-15 mins
For a transvaginal exam, where should the gel be placed?
On the inside and outside of the probe cover
-always ask patient first if they are allergic to latex
How long before the avg sonographer starts experiencing pain?
5 years
What is the number one injury in the sonography field?
Shoulder
The scientific study of creating tools and equipment that help the human body adapt to the work environment
Ergonomics
Repeated use of awkward ___ and ____ can lead to WRMSD’s.
Abduction-away from body
Addiction- toward to body
Poor posture can lead to
Muscle spasm
Low frequency is used for
Going deeper in the body- larger patients
High frequency is used for
Superficial structures or skinny patients
Repetitive motion can cause
Muscle fatigue
Static muscle loading
Pressure applied with transducer in combination with sustaining a static posture
Static muscle loading
A closed fluid filled sac that contains synovial fluid
Bursa
Inflammation of the bursa
Bursitis
A repetitive motion injury that is characterized by tenosynovitis of the thumb side of the wrist
De quervain disease
Tennis elbow; inflammation in the elbow area
Epicondylitis
Palpable painful cysts located within tendons on wrists ankles or feet
Ganglion cysts
Inflammation of the ligament on the bottom of the foot
Plantar fasciitis
Nerve entrapment disorder that results in inflammation or irritation of tibial nerve located within the foot
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
Inflammation of the tendon
Tendonitis
Lateral epicondylitis of the elbow
Tennis elbow
What does WRMD stand for?
Work related musculoskeletal disorders
What percent of sonographers experience a shoulder injury?
84%
Technique that ultimates both features of nuclear medicine and computed tomography
PET
All of the following are suggested daily tasks for the sonography student in clinicals except:
A) replaces dirty line and after exam
B) completes preliminary reports unassisted
C) inform sonographers of needed supplies
D) reviews protocols
B
Normal range of human hearing
Btw 2-20,000 Hz
What term is described as reasoning based on factual knowledge using critical thinking?
Inferences
Which of the following is not provided by the sonographer on sonographer report?
A)diagnosis
B)descriptive sonographic terminology
C)location of pathology
D)measurements of normal and abnormal structures
A
Which of the following would best be described as a symptom?
Positive urine pregnancy test
Chest radiography report
Biopsy results
Nausea
Nausea
What is pulse echo technique?
Ultrasound transducer sends an ultrasound wave into the body and then listens for the returning echo
What term may be used to describe the optimal location on the body for placement of the ultrasound transducer to demonstrate both normal anatomy and pathology?
Acoustic window
Which of the following would not be considered clinical history information?
A) headaches
B) gallbladder wall thickening demonstrated during sonogram
C) microscopic hematuria
D) diarrhea
B
Name some inflammatory diseases linked to WRMDs
Tendinitis Tenosynovitis Epicondylitis Bursitis Carpal tunnel Pinched nerve
What is the 20-20-20 rule?
For every 20 mins of scanning, look 20 feet away for 20 seconds. Reduced the stress in ur eyes.
Your shoulder and elbow should be no more than at a ___ angle when scanning
30 degree
Where would a sonographer most likely suffer from WRMSD?
Shoulder
What disorder is described as a repetitive motion injury that is characterized by tenosynovitis of the thumb side of the wrist
De Quervain disease
What percentage of sonographers report scanning in pain?
Btw 80-90%
The patient position should be adjusted so that the patient is
As close to the sonographer as possible
Ganglion cysts are most like found in
Wrist
What is described as a compression of the nerves and blood vessels of the neck and should die to repetitive strain?
Thoracic outlet strain
What syrup is most affected by plantar fasciitis?
Ligament in the bottom of the foot
What imaging mode displays the returning echoes as dots of varying brightness?
B mode
Which of the following Doppler techniques does not display an image and uses two crystals— one for sending and one for listening?
Continuous wave Doppler
Which control enhances the resolution of the image in a specific area?
Transmit zone and focus
Which control allows for the adjustment of the brightness of the entire image?
Overall gain
Which control allows for the adjustment of the brightness of a specific depth within the image?
Time gain compensation
Which control varies the penetration of the echoes displayed on the monitor?
Depth
Which control would allow the sonographer to select the depth at which the velocity of the blood is measured within a selected vessel?
Pulsed wave Doppler
What term means toward the feet, away from the head?
Inferior
What term means located on the opposite side of the body?
Contralateral
What term means closer to the attachment of an extremity?
Proximal
Which control relates to the amount of energy the transducer is emitting?
Acoustic power
The measurement tools utilized in sonography are termed
Calipers
Which mode displays the strength of the returning echoes as spikes on a scale?
A mode
What term is defined as away from the middle of midline of the body?
Lateral
What position is the patient in when he or she is lying on his or her back?
Supine
What term is described as toward the front of the body?
Anterior
What position is described as lying face down?
Prone
Which of the following is not a term for the reference point found on a transducer
Notch
Groove
Index
Spike
Spike
Which control allows the sonographer to rewind the image?
Cine loop
Which control allows the demonstration of motion of the structures along a single scan line?
M mode
Which of the following is associated with the clinical finding of jaundice?
Hapatitis
At what time would an alcohol based hand rub be suboptimal?
When ur hands are visibly soiled
Which of the following is transmitted via an airborne fashion?
Tuberculosis
What is the most likely manner by which a healthcare worker would be exposed to HBV?
Needle
Enteric precaution a form of
Contact precaution
Which of the following is not a bloodborne pathogen?
HCV
TB
HIV
HBV
Tuberculosis
