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foundations of sonography > Key Terms 1,5,8,12 > Flashcards

Key Terms 1,5,8,12 Flashcards

1
Q

a disease causing microorganism that is contained within human blood

A

bloodborne pathogen

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2
Q

A spore forming bacterium that releases toxins into the bowel

A

Clostridium difficile (C Diff)

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3
Q

Measures used to block the spread of pathogens by either direct or indirect contact

A

Contact precautions

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4
Q

Transference of microorganisms from on infected person to another person by direct touch or by indirect transmission from a contaminated object or person

A

Contract transmission

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5
Q

Communicable by contact

A

Contagious

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6
Q

The process that inactivated virtually all recognized pathogenic microorganisms except for spores on inanimate objects

A

Disinfection

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7
Q

Infection transmission by respiratory droplets carrying infectious pathogens directly from the respiratory tract of the infectious individual to susceptible surfaces of the recipient

A

Droplet transmission

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8
Q

Special precautions taken when there is potential for someone to come into contact with infectious waste, such as diarrhea

A

Enteric precaution

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9
Q

Inflammation of the liver

A

Hepatitis

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10
Q

Enlargement of the liver

A

Hepatomegaly

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11
Q

The virus responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome

A

Human immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

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12
Q

A person with an impaired immune system

A

Immunocompromised

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13
Q

A means of disease transmission by a contaminated object termed a vector

A

Indirect transmission

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14
Q

A condition that results when microorganisms cause injury to a susceptible host

A

Infection

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15
Q

Diseases that are spread from one person to another

A

Infectious diseases

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16
Q

Yellowing of skin and white of sclera of the eyes

A

Jaundice

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17
Q

Type of antibiotic resistant bacteria that easily colonizes on the skin and transmits from patient to patient either by direct or indirect contact

A

MRSA

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18
Q

Manner in which microorganisms can be transmitted

A

Mode of transmission

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19
Q

Respirator that can be worn to avoid contracting airborne pathogens

A

N95 respirator

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20
Q

Hospital acquired infection

A

Nosocomial infection

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21
Q

Organism that lives in or on another organism from which it gathers nourishment

A

Parasite

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22
Q

Items worn by healthcare professionals to preorder them from exposure or contact with infectious agents

A

PPE - personal protective equipment

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23
Q

The lowest level of infection control that includes use of soap or detergent, warm water, and manual friction

A

Sanitization

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24
Q

Life threatening immune response that is the result of a bacterial infection

A

Sepsis

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25
Q

Measures for reducing the risk of microorganism transmission from both recognized and unrecognized sources

A

Standard precautions

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26
Q

The complete destruction of all microorganisms including spores on inanimate objects

A

Sterilization

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27
Q

Name 4 types of pathogens

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Parasites

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28
Q

Never leave a patient room with ___ on.

A

Gloves

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29
Q

What is the most common health care associated infection?

A

Urinary Tract infection due to catheter

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30
Q

When should sterile gel be used?

A

When scanning someone with open would and transducer cover

Also when patient is immunocompromised

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31
Q

Staph infection that is resistant to antibiotics

A

MRSA

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32
Q

Why is c diff so dangerous?

A

Highly resistant to disinfectants
Spread easily
Toxins in bowel

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33
Q

When should the N95 fitted mask be worn?

A

Around airborne diseases such as tuberculosis

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34
Q

CDC stand for

A

Centers for disease control and prevention

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35
Q

1 in ___ people carry staph in their noses

A

1 in 3 ppl

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36
Q

The second most common microbe to cause nosocomial infection

A

VRE - Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus

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37
Q

The most common bloodborne infection in the US is

A

HCV (hep c)

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38
Q

___ can live within pooled dried noodles for more than a week

A

HBV

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39
Q

Ways to break the cycle of infection

A

Wash hands
PPE
Dispose of syringes in proper container
Never recap a needle

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40
Q

What is PPE?

A

Person protective equipment

  • gloves
  • mask
  • gown
  • booties
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41
Q

How to clean hands when patient has diarrhea?

A

Wash with soap and water

-DONT use alcohol gel

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42
Q

Standard precaution applies to

A

All patients

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43
Q

When do you discard if your gloves, gowns and mask?

A

BEFORE you leave the patient room/area

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44
Q

Order that you get dressed when putting on PPE

A

1) mask
2) gown
3) gloves

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45
Q

Order that you take off PPE

A

1) gloves
2) gown
3) mask

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46
Q

When is enteric precaution used?

A

When patient has c diff or patient has diarrhea

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47
Q

When a patient is in strict isolation, when should the equipment be cleaned and what PPE should be worn?

A

Clean after leaving the room

Mask, gloves, gown

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48
Q

When would droplet precaution be put in place?

A

If a patient has TB or COVID

- use of N95 fitted mask is necessary

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49
Q

When is reverse isolation used and what PPE should be taken?

A

When a patient has neutropenia or compromised immune system

-wear sterile gloves, gowns, and mask
Use sterile gel and sterile transducer cover

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50
Q

Patient with very low WBC

A

Neutropenia

51
Q

If a patient is in reverse isolation, when should I wash ur hands?

A

Before entering the room

52
Q

Types of wound skin precautions

A

Gangrene
Cellulitis
Burns
Staph infection

-may need to use sterile gel and sterile gloves

53
Q

If you are exposed to any pathogen or get hurt on the job, what should you do?

A

Notify management and teachers ASAP

54
Q

No sterile environment

A

Asepsis

55
Q

Use of soap and warm water

A

Sanitize

56
Q

Use of bleach or hydrogen peroxide

A

Disinfect

57
Q

Chemical disinfectant

A

Sterilization

Transvaginal transducer should be soaked for 10-15 mins

58
Q

For a transvaginal exam, where should the gel be placed?

A

On the inside and outside of the probe cover

-always ask patient first if they are allergic to latex

59
Q

How long before the avg sonographer starts experiencing pain?

A

5 years

60
Q

What is the number one injury in the sonography field?

A

Shoulder

61
Q

The scientific study of creating tools and equipment that help the human body adapt to the work environment

A

Ergonomics

62
Q

Repeated use of awkward ___ and ____ can lead to WRMSD’s.

A

Abduction-away from body

Addiction- toward to body

63
Q

Poor posture can lead to

A

Muscle spasm

64
Q

Low frequency is used for

A

Going deeper in the body- larger patients

65
Q

High frequency is used for

A

Superficial structures or skinny patients

66
Q

Repetitive motion can cause

A

Muscle fatigue

Static muscle loading

67
Q

Pressure applied with transducer in combination with sustaining a static posture

A

Static muscle loading

68
Q

A closed fluid filled sac that contains synovial fluid

A

Bursa

69
Q

Inflammation of the bursa

A

Bursitis

70
Q

A repetitive motion injury that is characterized by tenosynovitis of the thumb side of the wrist

A

De quervain disease

71
Q

Tennis elbow; inflammation in the elbow area

A

Epicondylitis

72
Q

Palpable painful cysts located within tendons on wrists ankles or feet

A

Ganglion cysts

73
Q

Inflammation of the ligament on the bottom of the foot

A

Plantar fasciitis

74
Q

Nerve entrapment disorder that results in inflammation or irritation of tibial nerve located within the foot

A

Tarsal tunnel syndrome

75
Q

Inflammation of the tendon

A

Tendonitis

76
Q

Lateral epicondylitis of the elbow

A

Tennis elbow

77
Q

What does WRMD stand for?

A

Work related musculoskeletal disorders

78
Q

What percent of sonographers experience a shoulder injury?

A

84%

79
Q

Technique that ultimates both features of nuclear medicine and computed tomography

A

PET

80
Q

All of the following are suggested daily tasks for the sonography student in clinicals except:

A) replaces dirty line and after exam
B) completes preliminary reports unassisted
C) inform sonographers of needed supplies
D) reviews protocols

A

B

81
Q

Normal range of human hearing

A

Btw 2-20,000 Hz

82
Q

What term is described as reasoning based on factual knowledge using critical thinking?

A

Inferences

83
Q

Which of the following is not provided by the sonographer on sonographer report?

A)diagnosis
B)descriptive sonographic terminology
C)location of pathology
D)measurements of normal and abnormal structures

A

A

84
Q

Which of the following would best be described as a symptom?

Positive urine pregnancy test
Chest radiography report
Biopsy results
Nausea

A

Nausea

85
Q

What is pulse echo technique?

A

Ultrasound transducer sends an ultrasound wave into the body and then listens for the returning echo

86
Q

What term may be used to describe the optimal location on the body for placement of the ultrasound transducer to demonstrate both normal anatomy and pathology?

A

Acoustic window

87
Q

Which of the following would not be considered clinical history information?

A) headaches
B) gallbladder wall thickening demonstrated during sonogram
C) microscopic hematuria
D) diarrhea

A

B

88
Q

Name some inflammatory diseases linked to WRMDs

A 
Tendinitis
Tenosynovitis
Epicondylitis
Bursitis
Carpal tunnel
Pinched nerve
89
Q

What is the 20-20-20 rule?

A

For every 20 mins of scanning, look 20 feet away for 20 seconds. Reduced the stress in ur eyes.

90
Q

Your shoulder and elbow should be no more than at a ___ angle when scanning

A

30 degree

91
Q

Where would a sonographer most likely suffer from WRMSD?

A

Shoulder

92
Q

What disorder is described as a repetitive motion injury that is characterized by tenosynovitis of the thumb side of the wrist

A

De Quervain disease

93
Q

What percentage of sonographers report scanning in pain?

A

Btw 80-90%

94
Q

The patient position should be adjusted so that the patient is

A

As close to the sonographer as possible

95
Q

Ganglion cysts are most like found in

A

Wrist

96
Q

What is described as a compression of the nerves and blood vessels of the neck and should die to repetitive strain?

A

Thoracic outlet strain

97
Q

What syrup is most affected by plantar fasciitis?

A

Ligament in the bottom of the foot

98
Q

What imaging mode displays the returning echoes as dots of varying brightness?

A

B mode

99
Q

Which of the following Doppler techniques does not display an image and uses two crystals— one for sending and one for listening?

A

Continuous wave Doppler

100
Q

Which control enhances the resolution of the image in a specific area?

A

Transmit zone and focus

101
Q

Which control allows for the adjustment of the brightness of the entire image?

A

Overall gain

102
Q

Which control allows for the adjustment of the brightness of a specific depth within the image?

A

Time gain compensation

103
Q

Which control varies the penetration of the echoes displayed on the monitor?

A

Depth

104
Q

Which control would allow the sonographer to select the depth at which the velocity of the blood is measured within a selected vessel?

A

Pulsed wave Doppler

105
Q

What term means toward the feet, away from the head?

A

Inferior

106
Q

What term means located on the opposite side of the body?

A

Contralateral

107
Q

What term means closer to the attachment of an extremity?

A

Proximal

108
Q

Which control relates to the amount of energy the transducer is emitting?

A

Acoustic power

109
Q

The measurement tools utilized in sonography are termed

A

Calipers

110
Q

Which mode displays the strength of the returning echoes as spikes on a scale?

A

A mode

111
Q

What term is defined as away from the middle of midline of the body?

A

Lateral

112
Q

What position is the patient in when he or she is lying on his or her back?

A

Supine

113
Q

What term is described as toward the front of the body?

A

Anterior

114
Q

What position is described as lying face down?

A

Prone

115
Q

Which of the following is not a term for the reference point found on a transducer

Notch
Groove
Index
Spike

A

Spike

116
Q

Which control allows the sonographer to rewind the image?

A

Cine loop

117
Q

Which control allows the demonstration of motion of the structures along a single scan line?

A

M mode

118
Q

Which of the following is associated with the clinical finding of jaundice?

A

Hapatitis

119
Q

At what time would an alcohol based hand rub be suboptimal?

A

When ur hands are visibly soiled

120
Q

Which of the following is transmitted via an airborne fashion?

A

Tuberculosis

121
Q

What is the most likely manner by which a healthcare worker would be exposed to HBV?

A

Needle

122
Q

Enteric precaution a form of

A

Contact precaution

123
Q

Which of the following is not a bloodborne pathogen?

HCV
TB
HIV
HBV

A

Tuberculosis

foundations of sonography (4 decks)

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