key stuff / definitions

Question 1

birth rate

Answer 1

number of live births per 1000 population per year

Question 2

death (mortality) rate

Answer 2

number of deaths per 1000 of population per year

Question 3

infant mortality rate

Answer 3

number of deaths of infants under age of 1 per 1000 live births per year

Question 4

total fertility rate

Answer 4

the average number of children a mother will birth in her reproductive age

Question 5

natural increase rate

Answer 5

% change (yearly) calculated by birth rate subtracted from the death rate

Question 6

social factors affecting BR & Dr

Answer 6

BR:
- education of women (and men)
- access to healthcare
- societal attitudes to contraception/large families
DR:
- access to healthcare
- education of people

Question 7

econ factor affecting BR & DR

Answer 7

BR:
- income levels + employment opportunities
- access to resources e.g housing + childcare
- economics stability and financial security
DR:
- income inequality
- lower income = worse healthcare as no priv
- cost of living 3

Question 8

env factors affecting BR & DR

Answer 8

BR:
- urbanisation may lead to lower BR as cost of living higher in urban area, smaller living space, better access to family planning
DR:
- env quality and pollution levels
- exposure to natural disasters

Question 9

political factors affecting BR & DR

Answer 9

BR:
- govt policies related to family planning vs pronatalist policies
- social support programs
DR:
- healthcare policies, disease prevention and emergency response all influence mortality rates

Question 10

dependency ration

Answer 10

proportion of those economically active to those who are dependant

Question 11

issues with elderly populations

Answer 11

• more welfare spending on benefits
• 2014/15, 55% of welfare spending spent on pensioners
• more pressure and spending on NHS
• lower proportion in work, less tax rev

Question 12

issues with youthful populations

Answer 12

• govt spending on education, childcare etc
• larger workforce needed to support needs, so increased pressure
• if fertility rates don’t replace the population, eventually elderly population

Question 13

how/why do BR/DR vary over time

Answer 13

1) econ development - ↑ healthcare, ↑ living standards, ↑ education all lead to lower BR and DR
2) healthcare advancements - DR down, BR up as more successful births, lower IMR.
3) Contraception - as ↑ developed, better access to family planning/contraception

Question 14

food security

Answer 14

concept of having available, accessible, and affordable food that is safe and nutritious so ppl have a healthy lifestyle

Question 15

food insecurity

Answer 15

1 in 10 people globally experience chronic hunger, as no access to sufficient food

Question 16

env factors causing food insecurity

Answer 16

• crops and livestock need certain climates to thrive. in extreme climates, food shortages as food cant grow?
• climatic hazards e.g. floods, droughts, storms, wildfires. annual yield severely affected by these events, = food shortages

Question 17

econ factors causing food insecurity

Answer 17

• LIC’s lack funding for agri tech and innovation. less productivity, and so food shortages
• poorer areas, ppl cant afford to buy food

Question 18

political factors causing food insecurity

Answer 18

• wars and political instability disrupting food supplies. (high DR, displacement and disruption makes hard to source)
• trade agreements, if no good food supplier may be shortages

Question 19

effects of food shortages

Answer 19

• lack of food (quantity and variety) so widespread malnutrition and famines
• low-quality food consumes as no choice, so illnesses
• deficiencies, so diseases e.g rickets
• malnutrition means cant fight diseases, harder for body to respond
• if supply of food decreases, price increases so unaffordable

Question 20

strategies to ensure food security

Answer 20

• increased access to food, import from foreign markets.
• increased amount, new tech and innovation so high yielding varieties of crops, more food available and healthier
• increased efficiency, saves time and food so more available, more affordable etc, less waste

Question 21

carrying capacity

Answer 21

max. population that can be supported in an env without the env being severely degraded
- if exceeded, insufficient resources, increased DR, decreased BR (famines as lack of food, so more deaths less births)

Question 22

overpopulation

Answer 22

when pop is too large to be supported by the environment and its resources

Question 23

optimum population

Answer 23

the ideal number of ppl for the environment and its resources

Question 24

underpopulation

Answer 24

too little ppl to fully utilise the environment and its resources
e.g. canada