Key Studies Flashcards
Peterson & Peterson
>Lab experiment >Nonsense Trigrams (No cues or LTM) >Count back in 3's from 3 digit number for between 3-18 seconds >More letters recalled after 3 seconds >Less than 10% recalled after 18 seconds >STM has v short duration >STM decays quickly without rehearsal
Clive Wearing
> Virus that damaged his brain
Damaged LTM, couldn’t move STM to LTM
Still has procedural memory
Suggests more than one LTM store
Baddely
ENCODING LTM/STM
> Gave pps four sets of words that were acoustically similar/dissimilar or semantically similar/dissimilar
>Independent groups
>Had to recall immediately (STM) or after 20 minutes (LTM)
>STM affected by acoustically similar words
>LTM affected by semantically similar words
Bahrick
DURATION LTM
> 400 pps aged 17-74
>Independent Groups
>Recognition/recall task from yearbook
>Recognition = 90% correct 15 years after graduation
>Recall = 60% correct 15 years after graduation
>Concluded: recognition better than recall, memory for meaningful information long duration
Bunge
WMM
>Brain scans
>Showed different parts of the brain were active when verbal or visual tasks were undertaken
> In dual-task processing, the decision making part of the brain in the prefrontal cortex was more active so greater input from CE.
KF
> KF had amnesia after a motorcycle accident
His STM was poor when he heard information
STM improved when he read information
Suggests more than one STM, one visual one verbal
McGeogh & McDonald
> pps had to learn word list 100%
Then they had to learn another list (either same/different meaning/ nonsense syllables/ numbers/ no list)
Then recall original list
Tulving
> 6 pps including himself and his wife
Injected radioactive gold into brain
Asked to think of an episodic or semantic memory
Found that different brain areas involved in semantic and episodic memory
Suggests biological basis to LTM differences
Baddely (Encoding)
ENCODING LTM/STM
> Gave pps four sets of words that were acoustically similar/dissimilar or semantically similar/dissimilar
>Independent groups
>Had to recall immediately (STM) or after 20 minutes (LTM)
>STM affected by acoustically similar words
>LTM affected by semantically similar words
Bunge
WMM
>Brain scans
>Showed different parts of the brain were active when verbal or visual tasks were undertaken
> In dual-task processing, the decision making part of the brain in the prefrontal cortex was more active so greater input from CE.
> Biological evidence for the model’s three components
Baddely (Dual-task)
> Condition one: track moving light on a whiteboard (VSS)
and picture capital F and speak the directions as if walking around it (VSS)
2 VSS tasks
> condition two: track moving light on a whiteboard (VSS)
and repeat the word “the” (PL)
2 tasks using different stores
> Supports model, idea VSS has limited capacity
Supports more that one STM store as pps could carry out tasks using different stores
EVR
> EVR had a cerebral tumour
Performed well on tests that required reasoning
Poor at decision making
CE is too simplistic
Grossman & Grossman
> Strange situation
Germany
46% Insecure Avoidant
Takahashi
> Strange situation
Japan
No avoidant
32% resistant
Van Ijzendoorn
> Meta-analysis of 32 strange situation studies
Secure attachments were the most common
Greater variation within a culture than between
Attachments are likely innate because of small differences between cultures
Secure attachments are likely to be the best for healthy development
McGeogh &McDonald
> pps had to learn word list 100%
Then they had to learn another list (either same/different meaning/ nonsense syllables/ numbers/ no list)
Then recall original list
results depended on which list they had, same meaning led to worst recall, numbers and no list being best recall
Interference is worse if information is similar
EVR
> EVR had a cerebral tumour
Performed well on tests that required reasoning
Poor at decision making
CE is too simplistic
Ainsworth
STRANGE SITUATION
>Research room split in to 9x9 squares
>Observed through video and behind one way mirror
>Observed for:
-stranger anxiety
-separation anxiety
-safe base and exploration
-proximity seeking behaviour
-reunion behaviour
>8 events that happen (mother leaves etc)
>100 middle class American infants and mothers
>Concluded 3 types of attachment (Secure, avoidant, resistant)
>Secure 66%
>Avoidant 22%
>Resistant 12%
Yuille & Cutshall
> Study of real shooting in Canada
13 witnesses
Shop owner had shot thief dead
Interviewed 4-5 months after
Testimonies compared with original testimony
Anxiety measured using 7 point self report scale
Asked 2 leading questions
Results:
>Very accurate, LQ’s did not affect their recall
>Pps with higher anxiety were 88% accurate, less stressed were 75% accurate
Johnson & Scott
Weapon focus
>Pps sat in waiting room and overheard an argument
>Low anxiety condition- man walked out with pen and grease on hands
>High anxiety- holding a paper knife and had blood on his hands
>Asked to pick man from photo of 50 men
Results: > 49% picked man (LOW ANXIETY) >33% picked man (HIGH ANXIETY) >Difference was weapon focus >Shows anxiety has negative effect on recall
Gabbert PED
> PPS watched video of the same crime from different perspectives (They saw different things)
pps discussed what they had seen with a partner then had individual recall test
Results:
>71% of pps mistakenly recalled aspects of the event that they did not see in the video but gained from the discussion (0% of control group did this)
>Witnesses often go along with each other, memory conformity
Pickel
> Used scissors, handgun, wallet and raw chicken
Suggests weapon focus in lab studies is due to weapon being unusual rather than increasing anxiety
Lab studies don’t tell us about real life anxiety
Baddely & Hitch
> Football players
>
Geiselman
CI
>Aimed to test effectiveness of CI
>89 students shown police training video
> Interviewed 48 hours later using either CI or SI
>CI led to more correct information but no increase in incorrect info.
Tulving & Psotka
> Gave pps word lists of words in categories
Recall was 70 % for first list but fell when they had to learn further lists
When given the category titles recall rose to 70% again, despite number of lists after first
Shows that cues can aid recall (retrieval failure better than interference as explanation)
Tronick
> African Tribe
Infants looked after (and breastfed) by other women
Strange situation
Still have one primary attachment, despite child rearing differences
Meltzoff & Moore
INTERACTIONAL SYNCHRONY
> Controlled Observation
>Video recorded
>Adult displayed one of three facial expressions/ 1 hand gesture
>Baby had dummy to stop repeating straight away
>Dummy removed and baby copied the movement
Bowlby’s 44 Theives
> Analysed case histories of 88 of his patients
All were maladjusted
Half had been caught stealing, half were control
Some of the thieves were diagnosed with affection less psychopathy, could not feel guilt or empathy
12/14 with affection-less psychopathy had experienced frequent maternal separation compared with 3/30 other thieves
These findings suggest that early separation is linked with affection less psychopathy
Robertson & Robertson
PDD MODEL
> Protest, Despair, Detach
John- Mother in hospital for 10 days, went to children’s home with no substitute care, when reunited with mother attachment was now insecure
Jane- Mother in hospital for 10 days, looked after by Robertson’s and kept her routine the same, when reunited their attachment was still secure
Rutter
> Monitored a group of Romanian orphans who had received no maternal care in orphanage
111 adopted before 2 and 54 by 4
Compared to British children who were adopted before 6 months
> Early effects- Romanian’s lagged behind physically, socially and cognitively (were smaller, weighed less and were classed as mentally retarded)
> Long Term on IQ- If adopted before 2 then IQ was 102 but after 2 was 77
> Long Term on attachments- if adopted after two they showed signs of problems with peers and disinhibited attachments (clingyness, not distinguishing between strangers and people they know)
> Those adopted before 6 months caught up with controls
Hazan & Shaver
> Love Quiz
The quiz had three sections.
1 assessing the current or most important relationship.
2 assessing the general love experiences such as number of partners and views on love.
3 assessing the attachment type.
analysed 620 responses
attachment styles was similar to that found in infants by Ainsworth. 56% were secure, 25% were avoidant and 19% were resistant.
positive correlation between attachment type and love.
There was a correlation between conception of love (IWM) and attachment type, those with a secure attachment had a more positive internal working model.
Schaffer & Emerson
> 60 babies from working class families in Glasgow
Babies and mothers were visited at home every month for the first 12m
Mothers were asked how the baby reacted to 7 different types of separation (separation anxiety, stranger anxiety etc.)
Between 25-32 weeks specific attachment was normally formed with the person who was the most interactive and sensitive to the babies needs
Mothers were normally the first specific attachment
Harlow
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Lorenz
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Asch
> 123 male pps
Seated around a table and asked to look at a group of three lines and call out which lone they thought matched a line shown on another slide.
On 12/18 Trials the confederates gave the same wrong answer
50% of pps conformed on 50% of critical trials
Average conformity rate = 33%
1/4 of pps never conformed
Interviewed pps and they said they conformed while privately keeping their own opinion to avoid disapproval from group.
Zimbardo
> Mock prison set up in the basement of Stanford University
Used 24 ‘stable’ men
Randomly assigned prisoner/guard
pps given uniform based on role
Guards grew increasingly tyrannical
Prisoners accepted guards behaviour, became increasingly passive
Study ended after 6 days, meant to last two weeks
Showed that both guards and prisoners conformed to their social roles
Milgram
> 40 pps
pps were the ‘teacher’ a confederate was the ‘learner’
Teacher had to test learner on memory of word pairs and give electric shock if wrong
Starting at 15 v up to 450v increasing in 15v increments
Learner began to want to leave, was banging on the wall at 300v and then silence
Experimenter gave ‘prods’ to continue
26/40 pps went all the way to 450v
All pps went to 300v
Moscovici
> 4 pps and 2 confederates (minority)
Shown blue slides that varied in intensity, asked to judge colour of each slide
‘Consistent’ experimental group- confederates always said they were green
‘Inconsistent’ experimental group- called slides green on 2/3 of trials
Showed that a flexible minority influenced pps to say green on 8% of trials
Inconsistent group had very little influence
