Key Studies Flashcards
Anti-localizationists (1800s)
Brain functions as a whole, can’t separate out an individual functions/structures
What are localizationists (1800s)
Individual brain structures perform highly specific functions
Connectionists (1900)
Connecting structures are necessary between structures
Need lang highway to link specific structures/functions , link lang comprehension with lang production with speech formulation
2000s network theory
Is more then evenThe highway connecting structures
Brian functions via simultaneous networks 2-way street
What did Paul broca do
Studied brains of 2 patients who had lost lang and motor speech production following stroke
Post Morten dissection revealed specific site of lesions
What did broca find
Aphasia- led to emergence of field of clinical neurology
Can’t speak spontaneous words
What did broca a area autopsy confirm
Theory if brain region responsible for speech production
What did wernicke find
Identified area of brain responsible for comprehension of speech (left temporal lobe)
Identified trays connecting wernicke and broca
Different aphasia than brocas
Wernickes contributions to lang model theory
Organized symptoms of lang disorders to predict site of lesion in the brain
Focused on cortical language center and association fiber tracts
Can speak but cannot comprehend
What did Norman geschwind do
Connectionist
Lesions in certain areas if lang cortex and association fibers
Worked to identify the sites
Made a system of typing aphasias according to site of lesions
Site of lesion contribute to diagnosis
What theory did mesulam come up with
Network theories
Simultaneous firing of neurons in different regions-during specific cognitive tasks
Interrogates efforts of regions to provide a network of Brian functions for execution of cognitive behavior
What did mcintosh say
Reponse plasticity-neurons connected and respond based upon an experience> fire together as system based on certain stimuli, demands, or experience > can shape brain (respond to experience)
Mcintosh network theory
It isn’t so much that a region does a specific function, but that a connection between regions enables a type of thinking or behavior
Networks can execute lost of different Behaviors depending on what you need
What is the clinicppathologic method
Relationship between site of lesion and lost function
Assumption that this site of lesion must be related to the impaired or lost function
Basis for aspects of neuroimaging and radio graphic interpretation
Objective if neuro diagnostic testing
Confirmatory tools to support clinical observation of behavioral neurologists, slps
Do it have a lot is neuro imaging for developmental disorders but not for acquired
Computerized tomography (ct)
Multiple X-rays generates as machine rotates to produce 3-d picture of the Brain
Contrast substances can enhance view of damaged area
Computer analyzed and synthesized
Magnetic resonance imaging( MRI)
Uses radio waves and strong magnetic field to detect distribution of water molecules
Assess brain tissue densities in slices
Generates computer generated image of brain
MRI look at
More sensitive to abnormalities than ct scans but more expensive
See more cortex, ventricles, and spaces
Each tissue has a different distribution if water molecules
Cerebral angiography
X-ray procedure
Images veins and arteries within the brain and brain stem
Use contrat medium
Detect blockages in arteries
Positron emission tomography (pet)
Dynamic measures of metabolic activity in brain regions (not static)
Nuclear medicine
Inject radioactive isotopes into body
Usually targets glucose, could be other types tho
Pet and glucose
Glucose is metabolized by neurons when those neurons are engaged in activity
Radioactive isotopes decay during metabolization
Photons are produced and detected
Computer generates image of metabolic activity
Pet abs brocas
Of Broca’s area being. Used metabolize glucose at a different rate then a part in the right hemisphere
Rarely use to diagnose
Single photon emission computed tomography (spect)
Similar to pet scan(nuclear medicine technique) but poorer resolution
Detect unwanted cell growth
Reconstructs ct scans through detection of single photons
Functional MRI
Dynamic
MRI technology + blood oxygen level dependent contrast (bold)
Bold is the difference between oxygen rich and deoxygenated blood
Fmri detects changes. In blood flow during specific cognitive activities
Networks and DTI imaging (diffusion tensor imaging)
Non invasive technique>only want to study the networks connecting structures> analyze connectivity and. Analyze direction of pathways
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Measure Brains electrics activity
Used in detection of epilepsy, coma, brain death
Look at synaptic activity
Event related potentials
Brains response to stimuli is measured through EEG
Which costumes changes in the polarity of dendrites as they begin to receive then transmit incoming neural impulses from other neurons
