Key Studies

Question 0

Anti-localizationists (1800s)

Answer 0

Brain functions as a whole, can’t separate out an individual functions/structures

Question 1

What are localizationists (1800s)

Answer 1

Individual brain structures perform highly specific functions

Question 2

Connectionists (1900)

Answer 2

Connecting structures are necessary between structures
Need lang highway to link specific structures/functions , link lang comprehension with lang production with speech formulation

Question 3

2000s network theory

Answer 3

Is more then evenThe highway connecting structures

Brian functions via simultaneous networks 2-way street

Question 4

What did Paul broca do

Answer 4

Studied brains of 2 patients who had lost lang and motor speech production following stroke
Post Morten dissection revealed specific site of lesions

Question 5

What did broca find

Answer 5

Aphasia- led to emergence of field of clinical neurology

Can’t speak spontaneous words

Question 6

What did broca a area autopsy confirm

Answer 6

Theory if brain region responsible for speech production

Question 7

What did wernicke find

Answer 7

Identified area of brain responsible for comprehension of speech (left temporal lobe)
Identified trays connecting wernicke and broca
Different aphasia than brocas

Question 8

Wernickes contributions to lang model theory

Answer 8

Organized symptoms of lang disorders to predict site of lesion in the brain
Focused on cortical language center and association fiber tracts
Can speak but cannot comprehend

Question 9

What did Norman geschwind do

Answer 9

Connectionist
Lesions in certain areas if lang cortex and association fibers
Worked to identify the sites
Made a system of typing aphasias according to site of lesions
Site of lesion contribute to diagnosis

Question 10

What theory did mesulam come up with

Answer 10

Network theories
Simultaneous firing of neurons in different regions-during specific cognitive tasks
Interrogates efforts of regions to provide a network of Brian functions for execution of cognitive behavior

Question 11

What did mcintosh say

Answer 11

Reponse plasticity-neurons connected and respond based upon an experience> fire together as system based on certain stimuli, demands, or experience > can shape brain (respond to experience)

Question 12

Mcintosh network theory

Answer 12

It isn’t so much that a region does a specific function, but that a connection between regions enables a type of thinking or behavior
Networks can execute lost of different Behaviors depending on what you need

Question 13

What is the clinicppathologic method

Answer 13

Relationship between site of lesion and lost function
Assumption that this site of lesion must be related to the impaired or lost function
Basis for aspects of neuroimaging and radio graphic interpretation

Question 14

Objective if neuro diagnostic testing

Answer 14

Confirmatory tools to support clinical observation of behavioral neurologists, slps
Do it have a lot is neuro imaging for developmental disorders but not for acquired

Question 15

Computerized tomography (ct)

Answer 15

Multiple X-rays generates as machine rotates to produce 3-d picture of the Brain
Contrast substances can enhance view of damaged area
Computer analyzed and synthesized

Question 16

Magnetic resonance imaging( MRI)

Answer 16

Uses radio waves and strong magnetic field to detect distribution of water molecules
Assess brain tissue densities in slices
Generates computer generated image of brain

Question 17

MRI look at

Answer 17

More sensitive to abnormalities than ct scans but more expensive
See more cortex, ventricles, and spaces
Each tissue has a different distribution if water molecules

Question 18

Cerebral angiography

Answer 18

X-ray procedure
Images veins and arteries within the brain and brain stem
Use contrat medium
Detect blockages in arteries

Question 19

Positron emission tomography (pet)

Answer 19

Dynamic measures of metabolic activity in brain regions (not static)
Nuclear medicine
Inject radioactive isotopes into body
Usually targets glucose, could be other types tho

Question 20

Pet and glucose

Answer 20

Glucose is metabolized by neurons when those neurons are engaged in activity
Radioactive isotopes decay during metabolization
Photons are produced and detected
Computer generates image of metabolic activity

Question 21

Pet abs brocas

Answer 21

Of Broca’s area being. Used metabolize glucose at a different rate then a part in the right hemisphere
Rarely use to diagnose

Question 22

Single photon emission computed tomography (spect)

Answer 22

Similar to pet scan(nuclear medicine technique) but poorer resolution
Detect unwanted cell growth
Reconstructs ct scans through detection of single photons

Question 23

Functional MRI

Dynamic

Answer 23

MRI technology + blood oxygen level dependent contrast (bold)
Bold is the difference between oxygen rich and deoxygenated blood
Fmri detects changes. In blood flow during specific cognitive activities

Question 24

Networks and DTI imaging (diffusion tensor imaging)

Answer 24

Non invasive technique>only want to study the networks connecting structures> analyze connectivity and. Analyze direction of pathways

Question 25

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 25

Measure Brains electrics activity
Used in detection of epilepsy, coma, brain death
Look at synaptic activity

Question 26

Event related potentials

Answer 26

Brains response to stimuli is measured through EEG
Which costumes changes in the polarity of dendrites as they begin to receive then transmit incoming neural impulses from other neurons