Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Key science skills > Flashcards

Key science skills Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

psychology def:

A

the scientific
study of human mental
states and behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

science def:

A

a field and
practice that obtains
knowledge and
generates theories
through observation and
experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is Empirical evidence?

A

information obtained
through direct and
systematic observation
or experimentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is non-science?

A

ideas
formed without empirical
evidence or the use of
scientific methods or
principles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is pseudoscience?

A

beliefs,
theories, and practices
that are mistakenly
regarded as, or claim to
be scientific, but are not
because they do not use
the methods of science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the scientific method?

A

a procedure used to obtain
knowledge that involves
hypothesis formulation,
testing, and retesting
through processes
of experimentation,
observation, measurement,
and recording

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

theory def:

A

a proposition or
set of principles that is
used to explain something
or make predictions about
relationships between
concepts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Aim def:

A

a statement
outlining the purpose
of an investigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

hypothesis def:

A

s a testable
prediction about
the outcome of an
investigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

variable def:

A

a condition
or component of an
experiment that can be
measured or manipulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

population def:

A

the group of people
who are the focus of the
research and from which
the sample is drawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a Controlled experiment?

A

a type of investigation
in which the causal
relationship between two
variables is tested in a
controlled environment;
more specifically, the
effect of the independent
variable on the dependent
variable is tested while
aiming to control all other
variables.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the independent variable?

A

the variable for which
quantities are manipulated
(controlled, selected,
or changed) by the
researcher, and the
variable that is assumed
to have a direct effect on
the dependent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the Dependent variable?

A

the variable the researcher
measures in an experiment
for changes it may
experience due to the
effect of the independent
variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are controlled variables?

A

variables other than the
IV that a researcher holds
constant (controls) in an
investigation, to ensure
that changes in the DV are
solely due to changes in
the IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are investigation methodologies?

A

any of
the different processes,
techniques and/or types of
studies researchers use to
obtain information about
psychological phenomena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the different forms of psychological studies (investigation methodologies)?

A
  • Controlled experiments
  • Case studies
  • Correlational study
  • Classification and identification
  • Fieldwork
  • Literature review
  • Modelling
  • Product, process or system development
  • Simulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a case study?

A

an in-depth
investigation of an
individual, group, or
particular phenomenon
(activity, behaviour, event,
or problem) that contains
a real or hypothetical
situation and includes the
complexities that would
be encountered in the
real world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is a correlation study?

A

a type of non-experimental
study in which researchers
observe and measure the
relationship between two
or more variables without
any active control or
manipulation of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

classification def:

A

the arrangement of
phenomena, objects,
or events into
manageable sets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

identification def:

A

 a process
of recognition of
phenomena as belonging
to particular sets or
possibly being part of
a new or unique set

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is fieldwork?

A

any research
involving observation and
interaction with people
and environments in realworld settings, conducted
beyond the laboratory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a Literature review?

A

the process of collating
and analysing secondary
data related to other
people’s scientific findings
and/or viewpoints in order
to answer a question
or provide background
information to help
explain observed events,
or as preparation for an
investigation to generate
primary data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is modelling?

A

the construction and/or
manipulation of either a
physical model, such as
a small- or large-scale
representation of an
object, or a conceptual
model that represents a
system involving concepts
that help people know,
understand, or simulate
the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is Product, process, or
system development?

A

the design or evaluation
of an artefact, process, or
system to meet a human
need, which may involve
technological applications,
in addition to scientific
knowledge and procedures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is a simulation?

A

a process of
using a model to study
the behaviour of a real or
theoretical system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the controlled group?

A

the group
of participants in an
experiment who receive
no experimental treatment
or intervention in order
to serve as a baseline for
comparison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the experimental group?

A

the group of participants
in an experiment who are
exposed to a manipulated
independent variable
(i.e. a specific intervention
or treatment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are Within-subjects designs
(also known as repeated
measures or withingroups design)?

A

an experimental design
in which participants
complete every
experimental condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are Between-subjects
designs (also known as
independent-groups
design or between-groups
design)?

A

 an experimental
design in which individuals
are divided into different
groups and complete only
one experimental condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are Mixed designs?

A

an experimental design
which combines elements
of within-subjects and
between-subjects designs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the different types of feildwork?

A
  • Direct observation
  • Qualitative
  • interviews
  • Questionnaires
  • Focus groups
  • Yarning circles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is a Sample?

A

a subset of the
research population who
participate in a study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is Generalisable (also
known as generalisability)?

A

the ability for a sample’s
results to be used to make
conclusions about the
wider research population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

sampling technique def:

A

the way a sample is
selected from the
population for a study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

convenience sampling def:

A

any sampling technique
that involves selecting
readily available members
of the population, rather
than using a random or
systematic approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

random sampling def:

A

any sampling technique that
uses a procedure to ensure
every member of the
population has the same
chance of being selected

38
Q

allocation def:

A

the process of
assigning participants to
experimental conditions
or groups

39
Q

what is an extraneous variable?

A

any variable that is not the
independent variable but
may cause an unwanted
effect on the dependent
variable

40
Q

what is a confounding variable?

A

a variable that has directly
and systematically
affected the dependent
variable, apart from the
independent variable

41
Q

what are Participant-related
variables (also known
as individual participant
differences)?

A

characteristics of a study’s
participants that may
affect the results

42
Q

what are order effects?

A

the tendency for the order
in which participants
complete experimental
conditions to have an
effect on their behaviour

43
Q

what is the placebo effect?

A

when participants respond to
an inactive substance
or treatment as a result
of their expectations
or beliefs

44
Q

what is the Experimenter effect
(also known as
experimenter bias)?

A

when the expectations of
the researcher affect the
results of an experiment

45
Q

what are situational variables?

A

any environmental factor
that may affect the
dependent variable

46
Q

what are Non-standardised
instructions and
procedures?

A

when directions and procedures
differ across participants
or experimental conditions

47
Q

what are Demand characteristics?

A

cues in an experiment that
may signal to a participant
the intention of the
study and influence their
behaviour

48
Q

what is counterbalancing?

A

a method to reduce order
effects that involves
ordering experimental
conditions in a certain way

49
Q

what is a Single-blind procedure?

A

a procedure in which
participants are unaware
of the experimental group
or condition they have
been allocated to

50
Q

what is a double blind procedure?

A

a procedure
in which both participants
and the experimenter do
not know which conditions
or groups participants are
allocated to

51
Q

what are ways to prevent extraneous and confounding variables?

A
  • Sampling size and procedures
  • Experimental design choice
  • Counterbalancing
  • Placebo
  • Single-blind procedures
  • Double-blind procedures
    -Standardised testing
    conditions and procedures
    -Controlled variables
52
Q

Data def:

A

information used as
part of or generated by an
investigation

53
Q

Primary data def:

A

data collected first-hand
by a researcher

54
Q

Secondary data def:

A

data sourced from others’
prior research

55
Q

quantitive data:

A

data that is expressed
numerically

56
Q

qualitative data def:

A

data that is expressed
non-numerically

57
Q

objective data def:

A

factual data that is observed and
measured independently
of personal opinion

58
Q

Subjective data def:

A

data that is informed by personal
opinion, perception, or
interpretation

59
Q

Descriptive statistics def:

A

statistics that summarise,
organise, and describe data

60
Q

Measures of central tendency?

A

descriptive statistics that summarise
a data set by describing the centre of the distribution of the data set
with a single value

61
Q

Mean def:

A

a measure of
central tendency that
describes the numerical
average of a data set,
expressed as a single value

62
Q

outlier def :

A

a value that
differs significantly from
other values in a data set

63
Q

Median def:

A

a measure of
central tendency that is
the middle value in a data
set ordered from lowest
to highest

64
Q

Mode def:

A

a measure of
central tendency that is the
most frequently occurring
value in a data set

65
Q

Measures of variability def:

A

statistics that summarise
and describe the spread
and distribution of a
data set

66
Q

Range def:

A

a measure of
variability that is a value
obtained by subtracting
the lowest value in a data
set from the highest value

67
Q

Standard deviation def:

A

a measure of variability,
expressed as a value that
describes the spread of
data around the mean

68
Q

what is a table:

A

a presentation
of data arranged into
columns and rows

69
Q

what is a bar chart:

A

a graph displaying the relationship
between at least two
variables using rectangular
bars with heights or
lengths proportional to the
values they represent

70
Q

what is a line graph:

A

a graph
displaying the relationship
between at least two
variables using a straight
line to connect data points

71
Q

accuracy def:

A

how close a
measurement is to the
true value of the quantity
being measured

72
Q

True value def:

A

the value, or range of values, that would be found if the quantity
could be measured perfectly

73
Q

precision def:

A

how closely a set of measurement values agree with each other

74
Q

what are Systematic errors

A

errors in data that differ
from the true value by a
consistent amount

75
Q

what are random errors?

A

errors in data that are unsystematic
and occur due to chance.

76
Q

Uncertainty def:

A

the lack of
exact knowledge relating
to something being
measured due to potential
sources of variation in
knowledge

76
Q

Repeatability def:

A

the extent
to which successive
measurements or studies
produce the same results
when carried out under
identical conditions within
a short period of time (e.g.
same procedure, observer,
instrument, instructions,
and setting)

77
Q

reproducibility def:

A

the extent to which
successive measurements
or studies produce
the same results
when repeated under
different conditions (e.g.
different participants,
time, observer, and/or
environmental conditions)

78
Q

Validity def:

A

the extent to
which psychological tools
and investigations truly
support their findings
or conclusions

79
Q

what is internal validity?

A

the extent to which
an investigation truly
measures or investigates
what it claims to

80
Q

what is external validity?

A

the extent to which the
results of an investigation
can be applied to similar
individuals in different
settings

81
Q

what is a conclusion?

A

a statement
that summarises the
findings of a study,
including whether the
hypothesis was supported
or rejected

82
Q

what are Ethical concepts?

A

the broad, moral guiding
principles that people
should consider when
conducting research,
practising psychology,
or when analysing a
psychological issue
or debate

83
Q
A
83
Q

what is Beneficence?

A

the commitment to
maximising benefits and
minimising the risks and
harms involved in taking
a particular position or
course of action

84
Q
A
84
Q
A
85
Q

what is Integrity?

A

the commitment
to searching for knowledge
and understanding, and
the honest reporting
of all sources of
information and results,
whether favourable or
unfavourable, in ways
that permit scrutiny
and contribute to
public knowledge and
understanding

85
Q
A
86
Q
A
86
Q
A

Psychology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions