key science skills

Question 1

approaches to bioethics

Answer 1

-consequences based approach 
-duty and/or rule based approach 
-virtues based approach 

Question 2

consequences-based approach

Answer 2

an approach to bioethics that aims to maximise positive outcomes while minimising negative outcomes

Question 3

duty and/or rule based approach 

Answer 3

an approach to bioethics that promotes the responsibility of the agent above all else, and places importance on the duty of each individual

Question 4

virtues–based approach

Answer 4

an approach to bioethics that emphasises the individual goodness of the agent, and promotes acting in accordance with the values of a ‘moral’ person, such as honesty and compassion

Question 5

ethical concepts

Answer 5

-integrity 
-justice 
-beneficence 
-non–maleficence 
-respect 

I Joke But No one Reacts

Question 6

integrity

Answer 6

an ethical concept that encourages a full commitment to knowledge and understanding as well as the honest reporting of all sources of information and results

Question 7

justice

Answer 7

an ethical concept that encourages fair consideration of competing claims, and ensures
that there is no unfair burden on a
particular group from an action

Question 8

beneficence

Answer 8

an ethical concept that seeks to maximise benefits when taking a particular position
or course of action

Question 9

non–maleficence 

Answer 9

an ethical concept that discourages causing harm – or when harm is unavoidable, ensuring that the harm is not disproportionate to the benefits from any position or course of action

Question 10

respect

Answer 10

an ethical concept that encourages the acknowledgment of the intrinsic value of living
things, and considers the welfare, beliefs, customs, and cultural heritage of both the individual and the collective

Question 11

validity

Answer 11

the experiment measures what it claims to
be measuring

Question 12

reproducibility

Answer 12

different scientists can get the same results when they follow the same method as the original scientists

Question 13

repeatibility

Answer 13

the original scientists can get the same
results when they replicate the experiment

Question 14

reliability

Answer 14

describes an experiment, tool, or measurement that produces similar results when repeated and reproduced

Question 15

accuracy

Answer 15

-measurement that is close to what is considered
to be the ‘true’ value
-accuracy can be increased by reducing measurement/systematic error

Question 16

precision

Answer 16

-how closely multiple measurements are to one another
-precision can be increased by having a larger sample size, and calibrating your equipment properly when taking measurements

Question 17

personal errors

Answer 17

-mistakes or miscalculations made by the experimenter
-they can affect accuracy, precision, validity,
and/or reliability.

Question 18

systematic errors

Answer 18

-cause readings to differ from the true value by a consistent amount each time
-they affect the accuracy of the experiment

Question 19

Random errors are

Answer 19

-unpredictable variations in the measurement process that result in a spread of readings
-they affect the precision of the experiment

Question 20

uncontrolled variables

Answer 20

-potential variables besides the IV that may affect your results.
-you should remove them or control them by keeping them constant