key science skills Flashcards
approaches to bioethics
-consequences based approach
-duty and/or rule based approach
-virtues based approach
consequences-based approach
an approach to bioethics that aims to maximise positive outcomes while minimising negative outcomes
duty and/or rule based approach
an approach to bioethics that promotes the responsibility of the agent above all else, and places importance on the duty of each individual
virtues–based approach
an approach to bioethics that emphasises the individual goodness of the agent, and promotes acting in accordance with the values of a ‘moral’ person, such as honesty and compassion
ethical concepts
-integrity
-justice
-beneficence
-non–maleficence
-respect
I Joke But No one Reacts
integrity
an ethical concept that encourages a full commitment to knowledge and understanding as well as the honest reporting of all sources of information and results
justice
an ethical concept that encourages fair consideration of competing claims, and ensures
that there is no unfair burden on a
particular group from an action
beneficence
an ethical concept that seeks to maximise benefits when taking a particular position
or course of action
non–maleficence
an ethical concept that discourages causing harm – or when harm is unavoidable, ensuring that the harm is not disproportionate to the benefits from any position or course of action
respect
an ethical concept that encourages the acknowledgment of the intrinsic value of living
things, and considers the welfare, beliefs, customs, and cultural heritage of both the individual and the collective
validity
the experiment measures what it claims to
be measuring
reproducibility
different scientists can get the same results when they follow the same method as the original scientists
repeatibility
the original scientists can get the same
results when they replicate the experiment
reliability
describes an experiment, tool, or measurement that produces similar results when repeated and reproduced
accuracy
-measurement that is close to what is considered
to be the ‘true’ value
-accuracy can be increased by reducing measurement/systematic error