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biology unit 1/2 > chapter 5 - biological systems > Flashcards

chapter 5 - biological systems Flashcards

unit 1 aos 2

1
Q

cells to organisms

A

cells-tissues-organs-system-organism

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2
Q

what are cells?

A

the smallest functional unit in a living organism

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3
Q

what are tissues?

A

a cluster of cells which perform a shared function

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4
Q

what are organs?

A

the combination of tissues and cells into a distinct structure that performs a specific function

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5
Q

what are systems? 

A

a collection of organs and tissues that perform specific functions necessary for survival

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6
Q

what are organisms?

A

living things made up of one or more cells

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7
Q

vascular vs non-vascular plants

A

-vascular plants contain vascular tissue, which is responsible for transporting water and minerals throughout the plant
-non-vascular plants don’t contain vascular tissue and only requires simplified tissues to function

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8
Q

plant tissues

A

-dermal tissue: forms a physical barrier between a plant and its environment to reduce water loss and physical damage

-ground tissue: makes up the majority of the interior of the plant and carries out metabolic functions

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9
Q

plant systems

A

-root system: absorbs water and nutrients from the soil and provides plant with support and structure

-shoot system: of angiosperms, 2 types: reproductive (flowers and fruits) and non-reproductive (leaves and stems)

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10
Q

plant organs

A

-leaves
-flowers
-fruits
-stems
-roots

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11
Q

function of leaves

A

responsible for photosynthesis

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12
Q

function of flowers

A

sexual reproductive organs of flowering plants

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13
Q

function of fruits

A

protects seeds

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14
Q

function of stems

A

supports leaves, flowers, and fruits, and transports water and nutrients

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15
Q

function of roots

A

absorption and storage of water and nutrients from soil

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16
Q

animal tissues

A

-muscle tissue
-nervous tissue
-connective tissue
-epithelial tissue

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17
Q

function of muscle tissue

A

-contracts to exert a force
3 majors types:
-skeletal
-cardinal
-smooth

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18
Q

function of nervous tissue

A

detects stimuli and transmits electrical signals, composed of neurons

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19
Q

function of connective tissue

A

connects and supports other tissue and organ structures

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20
Q

function of epithelial tissue

A

composes the external and internal layers of the body
these tissues assist in protection, secretion, and absorption

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21
Q

function of vascular tissue in plants

A

transports water, nutrients, and minerals between the root and shoot systems, and the entire plant

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22
Q

types of vascular tissue

A

-xylem tissue: tubes that transport water and minerals (potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus) in one direction from the roots to the leaves

-phloem tissue: tubes that transport sugars and other nutrients around a plant in both directions

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23
Q

pathways of absorption in roots

A

-cytoplasmic
-extracellular

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24
Q

cytoplasmic pathway in roots

A

mineral ions either passively diffuse into the cytoplasm or are taken up by active transport in root hair cells

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25
extracellular pathway in roots
-water (and solutes) diffuse into the roots in the gaps between cells -the water then reaches the Casparian strip where it enters the xylem via osmosis
26
structure of xylem
-tubes made from two types of cells (vessel elements and tracheids) -one way flow -no end walls
27
characteristics of vessel elements and tracheids
-hollow cells -lignified cells -pits between vessel elements and tracheids
28
differences between vessel elements and tracheids
-size -arrangement
29
structure of phloem
-tubes made from non-lignified living cells (sieve cells and companion cells) -two way flow -end wall with perforations
30
characteristics of sieve cells
-hollow cells -tube like structure -sieve plants -pits between sieve cells
31
companion cells
-next to sieve cells -regulates entry of nutrients into the phloem and perform functions to keep themselves and sieve cells alive
32
types of movement in the xylem and phloem
-transpiration -translocation
33
what is transpiration and functions
-the passive movement of water up the xylem and its exit via the stomata -assists photosynthesis, regulates heat and water balance, distributes nutrients and prevents wilting and cell damage
34
how does transpiration work?
-when water evaporates from the leaf and exits through the stomata, more water is drawn up from the xylem because of cohesion -capillary actions helps water flowing through xylem. caused by the adhesion of water molecules to the surface of the xylem -these forces enables transpiration and helps deliver the small amount of water required to photosynthesis to the leaves
35
what is translocation
-the movement of nutrients created in the leaves to other areas of the plant -tends to take place in the phloem from a source to a sink
36
factors that regulate transpiration
-water loss leads to high solute concentration and a reduction in turgidity, which can damage the plant and cause it to wilt -temperature -wind -light -humidity -water availability
37
guards cells that regulate transpiration
-regulates opening and closing of stomata -stomata allow a plant to exchange gases with the environment, typically CO2, O2, and H2O.
38
what happens when stomata are open?
-water vapour can freely leave the leaf (transpiration) -CO2 can freely enter the leaf (input of photosynthesis) -O2 can exit the leaf after it's produced during photosynthesis
39
what happens when stomata are closed?
-gases cannot freely leave or enter the leaf -reduces the rate of photosynthesis, transpiration, and water loss
40
how do plants increase the rate of transpiration?
-actively pump potassium into guard cells, increasing concentration of solutes -water then diffuses into guard cells, vacuoles increase in size, guard cell becomes turgid -leaves the stomata open
41
how do places reduce the rate of transpiration?
-actively pump potassium ions out of guard cells -water then diffuses out of the vacuole and guard cells -the guard cells become flaccid, closing stomata
42
purpose of digestive system
-animals are heterotrophs, have to consume other organisms to obtain organic molecules -these molecules provide chemical energy to the animal to be able to live, survive, and reproduce
43
organic molecules
-carbohydrates -lipids -proteins -vitamins -minerals
44
importance of carbohydrates
provides a source of immediate energy
45
importance of lipids
energy storage in animals
46
importance of proteins
structural components of cells, cell receptors, and enzymes
47
importance of vitamins
while required in small amounts, many vitamins are used to make enzymes
48
importance of minerals
while required in small amounts, minerals are used in many structural components of organisms
49
digestion
the breakdown of large food molecules into smaller forms that can cross the plasma membrane and be used by the body
50
types of digestion
-physical digestion -chemical digestion
51
physical digestion
the process by which the mechanical movement of organs and tissues causes a breakdown of food into smaller pieces these movements include: -chewing -muscle contractions -stirring of food and digestive juices by muscle movements
52
chemical digestion
food pieces undergo chemical digestion by enzymes and stomach acid, producing smaller molecules that are capable of being absorbed major types of digestive enzymes: -amylases (carbohydrates) -proteases (protein) -lipases (lipids)
53
steps of digestion
-ingestion when food is taken into the body, by teeth physically breaking down food, and saliva chemically breaking down food into a soft mass -digestion occurs along the digestive tract, where the soft mass travels into the body and continues to be broken down both physically and chemically by different organs -absorption when food broken into smaller molecules are absorbed across the plasma membrane of digestive system cells and into the blood stream energy is ready to be used -elimination/egestion the elimination of undigested food that had travelled along the digestive tract and hasn't been absorbed
54
purpose of excretory system
-removes waste substances and regulates water and ion concentrations
55
urinary tract
consists of the kidneys, bladder, ureters and urethra
56
role of the kidney
-filter blood -reabsorb the useful substances within the filtrate -secretes unwanted substances
57
how is urea transported to the kidneys?
-starts as amine in the liver, and is converted to ammonia through deamination -ammonia is then broken down into the less toxic urea which can then be safely transported to the bloodstream to go to the kidneys
58
what are nephrons?
specialised tubes that receive blood from capillaries
59
nephron structures and functions
-bowman's capsule: filtration -proximal convoluted tubule: reabsorption (ions, amino acids, water, glucose) and secretion (ammonia, toxins) -loop of henle: reabsorption (water) and secretion (urea) -distal convoluted tubule: optional reabsorption (ions, water) and secretion (ions, toxins) collecting duct: optional reabsorption (water) and secretion (urea, ammonia, ions, toxins)
60
how is the bladder involved in excretory system?
-after being produced in the kidneys, urine leaves kidneys via ureter -ureter carries urine to bladder where it remains until being emptied via urethra
61
additional organs in excretory system
-lungs -skin -liver -digestive tract
62
role of endocrine system
producing hormones (a major group of signalling molecules
63
signalling molecules
chemicals which enable communication between cells and instruct cells to do a variety of things
64
what can hormones influence?
-growth -metabolism -maintenance of stable internal environment -sexual development -maturity
65
how do hormones function?
-after being produced by glands, hormones are transported to where they are need via the blood stream -hormones bind to specific receptors on target cells that are complementary to the hormones, which elicits a response (hormone communication is specific, only influences cell with specific receptors)
66
organs involved in endocrine system
-hypothalamus -pituitary gland -pineal gland -para/thyroid glands -thymus -pancreas -adrenal glands -placenta -ovaries -testes

biology unit 1/2 (9 decks)

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