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biology unit 1/2 > chapter 5 - biological systems > Flashcards

chapter 5 - biological systems Flashcards

unit 1 aos 2

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cells to organisms

A

cells-tissues-organs-system-organism

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2
Q

what are cells?

A

the smallest functional unit in a living organism

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3
Q

what are tissues?

A

a cluster of cells which perform a shared function

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4
Q

what are organs?

A

the combination of tissues and cells into a distinct structure that performs a specific function

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5
Q

what are systems? 

A

a collection of organs and tissues that perform specific functions necessary for survival

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6
Q

what are organisms?

A

living things made up of one or more cells

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7
Q

vascular vs non-vascular plants

A

-vascular plants contain vascular tissue, which is responsible for transporting water and minerals throughout the plant
-non-vascular plants don’t contain vascular tissue and only requires simplified tissues to function

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8
Q

plant tissues

A

-dermal tissue: forms a physical barrier between a plant and its environment to reduce water loss and physical damage

-ground tissue: makes up the majority of the interior of the plant and carries out metabolic functions

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9
Q

plant systems

A

-root system: absorbs water and nutrients from the soil and provides plant with support and structure

-shoot system: of angiosperms, 2 types: reproductive (flowers and fruits) and non-reproductive (leaves and stems)

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10
Q

plant organs

A

-leaves
-flowers
-fruits
-stems
-roots

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11
Q

function of leaves

A

responsible for photosynthesis

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12
Q

function of flowers

A

sexual reproductive organs of flowering plants

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13
Q

function of fruits

A

protects seeds

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14
Q

function of stems

A

supports leaves, flowers, and fruits, and transports water and nutrients

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15
Q

function of roots

A

absorption and storage of water and nutrients from soil

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16
Q

animal tissues

A

-muscle tissue
-nervous tissue
-connective tissue
-epithelial tissue

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17
Q

function of muscle tissue

A

-contracts to exert a force
3 majors types:
-skeletal
-cardinal
-smooth

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18
Q

function of nervous tissue

A

detects stimuli and transmits electrical signals, composed of neurons

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19
Q

function of connective tissue

A

connects and supports other tissue and organ structures

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20
Q

function of epithelial tissue

A

composes the external and internal layers of the body
these tissues assist in protection, secretion, and absorption

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21
Q

function of vascular tissue in plants

A

transports water, nutrients, and minerals between the root and shoot systems, and the entire plant

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22
Q

types of vascular tissue

A

-xylem tissue: tubes that transport water and minerals (potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus) in one direction from the roots to the leaves

-phloem tissue: tubes that transport sugars and other nutrients around a plant in both directions

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23
Q

pathways of absorption in roots

A

-cytoplasmic
-extracellular

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24
Q

cytoplasmic pathway in roots

A

mineral ions either passively diffuse into the cytoplasm or are taken up by active transport in root hair cells

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25
Q

extracellular pathway in roots

A

-water (and solutes) diffuse into the roots in the gaps between cells
-the water then reaches the Casparian strip where it enters the xylem via osmosis

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26
Q

structure of xylem

A

-tubes made from two types of cells (vessel elements and tracheids)
-one way flow
-no end walls

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27
Q

characteristics of vessel elements and tracheids

A

-hollow cells
-lignified cells
-pits between vessel elements and tracheids

28
Q

differences between vessel elements and tracheids

A

-size
-arrangement

29
Q

structure of phloem

A

-tubes made from non-lignified living cells (sieve cells and companion cells)
-two way flow
-end wall with perforations

30
Q

characteristics of sieve cells

A

-hollow cells
-tube like structure
-sieve plants
-pits between sieve cells

31
Q

companion cells

A

-next to sieve cells
-regulates entry of nutrients into the phloem and perform functions to keep themselves and sieve cells alive

32
Q

types of movement in the xylem and phloem

A

-transpiration
-translocation

33
Q

what is transpiration and functions

A

-the passive movement of water up the xylem and its exit via the stomata
-assists photosynthesis, regulates heat and water balance, distributes nutrients and prevents wilting and cell damage

34
Q

how does transpiration work?

A

-when water evaporates from the leaf and exits through the stomata, more water is drawn up from the xylem because of cohesion
-capillary actions helps water flowing through xylem. caused by the adhesion of water molecules to the surface of the xylem

-these forces enables transpiration and helps deliver the small amount of water required to photosynthesis to the leaves

35
Q

what is translocation

A

-the movement of nutrients created in the leaves to other areas of the plant
-tends to take place in the phloem from a source to a sink

36
Q

factors that regulate transpiration

A

-water loss leads to high solute concentration and a reduction in turgidity, which can damage the plant and cause it to wilt
-temperature
-wind
-light
-humidity
-water availability

37
Q

guards cells that regulate transpiration

A

-regulates opening and closing of stomata
-stomata allow a plant to exchange gases with the environment, typically CO2, O2, and H2O.

38
Q

what happens when stomata are open?

A

-water vapour can freely leave the leaf (transpiration)
-CO2 can freely enter the leaf (input of photosynthesis)
-O2 can exit the leaf after it’s produced during photosynthesis

39
Q

what happens when stomata are closed?

A

-gases cannot freely leave or enter the leaf
-reduces the rate of photosynthesis, transpiration, and water loss

40
Q

how do plants increase the rate of transpiration?

A

-actively pump potassium into guard cells, increasing concentration of solutes
-water then diffuses into guard cells, vacuoles increase in size, guard cell becomes turgid
-leaves the stomata open

41
Q

how do places reduce the rate of transpiration?

A

-actively pump potassium ions out of guard cells
-water then diffuses out of the vacuole and guard cells
-the guard cells become flaccid, closing stomata

42
Q

purpose of digestive system

A

-animals are heterotrophs, have to consume other organisms to obtain organic molecules
-these molecules provide chemical energy to the animal to be able to live, survive, and reproduce

43
Q

organic molecules

A

-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
-vitamins
-minerals

44
Q

importance of carbohydrates

A

provides a source of immediate energy

45
Q

importance of lipids

A

energy storage in animals

46
Q

importance of proteins

A

structural components of cells, cell receptors, and enzymes

47
Q

importance of vitamins

A

while required in small amounts, many vitamins are used to make enzymes

48
Q

importance of minerals

A

while required in small amounts, minerals are used in many structural components of organisms

49
Q

digestion

A

the breakdown of large food molecules into smaller forms that can cross the plasma membrane and be used by the body

50
Q

types of digestion

A

-physical digestion
-chemical digestion

51
Q

physical digestion

A

the process by which the mechanical movement of organs and tissues causes a breakdown of food into smaller pieces
these movements include:
-chewing
-muscle contractions
-stirring of food and digestive juices by muscle movements

52
Q

chemical digestion

A

food pieces undergo chemical digestion by enzymes and stomach acid, producing smaller molecules that are capable of being absorbed
major types of digestive enzymes:
-amylases (carbohydrates)
-proteases (protein)
-lipases (lipids)

53
Q

steps of digestion

A

-ingestion
when food is taken into the body, by teeth physically breaking down food, and saliva chemically breaking down food into a soft mass

-digestion
occurs along the digestive tract, where the soft mass travels into the body and continues to be broken down both physically and chemically by different organs

-absorption
when food broken into smaller molecules are absorbed across the plasma membrane of digestive system cells and into the blood stream
energy is ready to be used

-elimination/egestion
the elimination of undigested food that had travelled along the digestive tract and hasn’t been absorbed

54
Q

purpose of excretory system

A

-removes waste substances and regulates water and ion concentrations

55
Q

urinary tract

A

consists of the kidneys, bladder, ureters and urethra

56
Q

role of the kidney

A

-filter blood
-reabsorb the useful substances within the filtrate
-secretes unwanted substances

57
Q

how is urea transported to the kidneys?

A

-starts as amine in the liver, and is converted to ammonia through deamination
-ammonia is then broken down into the less toxic urea which can then be safely transported to the bloodstream to go to the kidneys

58
Q

what are nephrons?

A

specialised tubes that receive blood from capillaries

59
Q

nephron structures and functions

A

-bowman’s capsule: filtration

-proximal convoluted tubule: reabsorption (ions, amino acids, water, glucose) and secretion (ammonia, toxins)

-loop of henle: reabsorption (water) and secretion (urea)

-distal convoluted tubule: optional reabsorption (ions, water) and secretion (ions, toxins)

collecting duct: optional reabsorption (water) and secretion (urea, ammonia, ions, toxins)

60
Q

how is the bladder involved in excretory system?

A

-after being produced in the kidneys, urine leaves kidneys via ureter
-ureter carries urine to bladder where it remains until being emptied via urethra

61
Q

additional organs in excretory system

A

-lungs
-skin
-liver
-digestive tract

62
Q

role of endocrine system

A

producing hormones (a major group of signalling molecules

63
Q

signalling molecules

A

chemicals which enable communication between cells and instruct cells to do a variety of things

64
Q

what can hormones influence?

A

-growth
-metabolism
-maintenance of stable internal environment
-sexual development
-maturity

65
Q

how do hormones function?

A

-after being produced by glands, hormones are transported to where they are need via the blood stream
-hormones bind to specific receptors on target cells that are complementary to the hormones, which elicits a response
(hormone communication is specific, only influences cell with specific receptors)

66
Q

organs involved in endocrine system

A

-hypothalamus
-pituitary gland
-pineal gland
-para/thyroid glands
-thymus
-pancreas
-adrenal glands
-placenta
-ovaries
-testes

biology unit 1/2 (9 decks)

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