chapter 2 - what are cells?

Question 1

how to classify what is alive

Answer 1

movement: capable of self-generated movement
respiration: extract energy from carbohydrates
sensitivity: sense and react to stimuli
growth: grow and develop over time
reproduction: can produce new living things
equilibrium: maintain relatively stable internal environment
excretion: produce waste that must be removed
nutrition: extract nutrients from the environments
(MRS GREEN)

Question 2

what are the 3 principles of cell theory?

Answer 2

all organisms are made of cells
all cells come from pre-existing cells
the cell is the smallest living organisational unit

Question 3

3 domains, 6 kingdoms and what type of cell are they?

Answer 3

archaea (Domain, P)
bacteria (Domain, P)
eukarya (Domain, E)
archaea (Kingdom, P)
bacteria (Kingdom, P)
protista (Kingdom, E)
fungi (Kingdom, E)
plantae (Kingdom E)
animalia (Kingdom, E)

Question 4

cell features

Answer 4

plasma membrane: encloses the cell
cytoplasm: consists of fluidic cytosol, and in eukaryotes, the organelles.
DNA
ribosomes: small organelles that produce proteins

Question 5

difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 5

prokaryotes are small and lack membrane bound organelles. eukaryotes are larger, more specialised, and have membrane bound organelles.

Question 6

prokaryotes

Answer 6

lacks nucleus, single loop of circular DNA, and plasmid DNA
replicates via binary fission

Question 7

eukaryotes

Answer 7

somatic cells duplicate via mitosis
germline cells split into 4 gametes through meiosis

Question 8

structure and function of organelles

Answer 8

each cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane, which controls what can and can’t enter the cell.
Inside each cell is cytosol (fluid substance)
contains dissolved salts, nutrients, and molecules necessary for cell function
all organelles and cytosol makes up the cytoplasm

Question 9

differences between plant and animal cells

Answer 9

chloroplasts and cell wall present in plant cells only plant cells have one large vacuole, whereas an animal cell can have multiple or no small vacuoles

Question 10

cell membrane

Answer 10

controls what can and can’t enter the cell, maintains homeostasis
present in both types of cells.
similar to a filter.

Question 11

cytoplasm

Answer 11

surrounds all internal cell structures
present in both types of cells
jelly like substance.

Question 12

ribosome

Answer 12

makes protein
present in both types of cells
like a factory.

Question 13

nucleus

Answer 13

holds genetic material, controls cell activity
present in eukaryotes
like the cell headquarters.

Question 14

endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)

Answer 14

processes molecules for cell, transports molecules around
present in eukaryotes
like a highway
RER: protein production and transportation
SER: Detoxification.

Question 15

golgi apparatus

Answer 15

receives items from vesicles, enzymes, modify molecules, sends molecules
present in eukaryotes
like a packaging centre.

Question 16

mitochondria (mitochondrion)

Answer 16

powers cell
present in eukaryotes
like a power plant
site of cellular respiration (cells’ primary method of producing energy, by breaking down sugars into energy)
contains an outer membrane surround a highly folded inner membrane.
Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy.
C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

Question 17

cell wall

Answer 17

provides additional protection and shape maintenance
present in plant cells
like armour

Question 18

chloroplast

Answer 18

makes glucose
has a green look
present in plant cells
has an inner and outer membrane
structures help plants and algae undergo photosynthesis

Question 19

vacuole

Answer 19

storage of materials
present in eukaryotes
like a box.

Question 20

photosynthesis

Answer 20

process which uses light energy from the sun, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen
for it to occur the thylakoid membrane needs to contain the green pigment chlorophyll
chlorophyll absorbs light to energise reaction
glucose, which is produced is used during cellular respiration, to build cell walls and to carry out metabolic reactions

Question 21

why are cells so small, and benefits?

Answer 21

more efficient to transport nutrients and remove waste
benefits
-exchange of materials with the extra cellular environment efficiently and affectively due to a high surface area
-distances to travel within the cell are smaller, so the transport of molecules is faster

Question 22

surface area to volume ratio

Answer 22

a greater surface area and smaller volume (high SA:V) can help a cell exchange materials efficiently with the environment.
SA:V=SA/V=turn into ratio