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BMS 300 > key questions/poll ev unit 3 > Flashcards

key questions/poll ev unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of the following connective tissue are tendons composed of?

A

dense regular connective tissue

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2
Q

The intracellular concentration of _____ is higher than the extracellular concentration

A

K+ potassium

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3
Q

A mutation in TnC decreases its capacity to bind Ca2+. Consequentially, which state of the thin filament does this mutant TnC promote? (troponin)

A

blocked

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4
Q

Which ingredients would you choose, if asked to prepare a solution to make the muscle contract?

A

Ca2+ calcium

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5
Q

In addition to EGTA )a Ca2+ chelator) which of the following would be a critical component of a muscle relaxing solution?

A

ATP

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6
Q

Which functional state of the thin filament is favored by the mutant?

A

blocked

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7
Q

What are the different layers of connective tissue that surround the skeletal muscles and what do they surround?

A

-whole muscle: epimysium
-single bundle: mycelium
-single muscle cell/fiber: endomysium

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8
Q

What are the unique features of the skeletal muscle compared to a typical cell?

A

-presence of t-tubules
-sarcoplasmic reticulum
-sheer length
-multiple nuclei present in skeletal muscle
-presence of sarcomeres

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9
Q

What is the structural and functional unit of the muscle?

A

sarcomere

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10
Q

What proteins in muscle regulate muscle contraction and relaxation?

A

-actin
-myosin
-troponin

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10
Q

What are some structural and functional differences of skeletal and cardiac muscles?

A

cardiac muscles: under control of autonomic nervous system
-much smaller cell size
-single nucleus
-structure of sarcoplasmic curriculum and t-tubules

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10
Q

What causes muscles to contract

A

Calcium entering and binding to the thin filament

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10
Q

What causes muscles to relax?

A

calcium being removed

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11
Q

What are some structural and functional differences of skeletal and smooth muscles?

A

smooth muscles: under control of autonomic nervous system
-how they contract

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11
Q

What are the various fuels used by muscles depending on the intensity and duration of physical activities?

A

-quick bursts: phosphate/ small amounts of glucose
-longer: more glucose/ some fats

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11
Q

What are the major differences between fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers?

A

-diameter
-vasculature
-type of metabolites
-contraction speed
-fatigue resistance

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11
Q

How would fast, slow, and intermediate muscle fibers affect the respiratory coefficient? (RQ value)

A

-slow will use more fats
-fast will use more glucose

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12
Q

How does aging affect the muscular system?

A

-protein synthesis will decrease
-decrease in muscle fiber
-diameter
-elasticity
-ability to recover
-tolerance for exercise

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13
Q

How are contractions classified based on the muscle length and the load?

A

-isotonic: weight doesn’t change
-isometric: muscle length doesn’t change
-concentric: muscle length shortens
-eccentric: muscle length lengthens

14
Q

What is difference between fatigue and DOMS?

A

-fatigue is during exercise
-DOMS is after the exercise

15
Q

How do autorhythmic cells generate an action potential?

A

HCN channels
Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide–gated

16
Q

What are the steps involved in the action potential of the pacemaker cells? (autorythmic cells)

A

-HCN channels activated by hyperpolarization: cyclic amp to open and allow sodium into the cell
-sodium comes in and causes the threshold to be reached
-causes opening of voltage-gated calcium channels, causing rapid depolarization
-opening of voltage-gated potassium channels
-potassium efflux causing rapid repolarization leading to hyperpolarization of membrane potential
-then again activates HCN channels to open and sodium flows in

17
Q

What are the steps involved in the action potential of contractile cells?

A

-respond to action potential generated in autorythmic cells which will initiate threshold to be reached
-sodium channels open causing rapid depolarization
-plateau phase where two channels are opened (Ca2+ causing influx/ K+ causing efflux)
-Calcium channels close and repolarization of membrane potential occurs because potassium leaves the cell

18
Q

What are the notable parts on the EKG and how does it relate to the cardiac cycle? (contraction and relaxation of the heart)

A

-p wave: indicating depolarization of the atria- contract and eject blood into ventricles
-QRS complex : indicating repolarization of the atria, meaning atrial will relax- depolarization of ventricles
-t wave: showing ventricular repolarization, will relax and then fill again for next beat

19
Q

Pathologies related to electrical activity of the heart

A

-first-degree av block: delay in signal, distance between p wave and QRS complex is greater (slower rate)
-second degree av block: missing QRS complex in some cases
-third degree av block: no correlation between period and QRS complex

20
Q

Pathologies related to cardiac blood vessels

A

-Atherosclerosis: plaque build up in vessels, lumen size decreases causing less blood to be passed to tissues

21
Q

Pathologies related to force generation by cardiac myocytes/ the myocardium

A

-hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: muscle is generating more force than needed for given calcium
-dilated cardiomyopathy: mutations which decrease calcium sensitivity, and so heart walls are generating less pressure with less blood pushed out to ventricles

22
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system increase or decrease the heart rate?

A

-acetylcholine will hyperpolarize and delay heart rate
-epinephrine release will cause sodium and calcium channels to open, the threshold will be reached quickly and depolarization will happen rapidly and increase heart rate

23
Q

What are the various changes that occur to the blood pressure as it moves from the aorta to the vena cava?

A

major drop in blood pressure, gradually keeps decreasing

24
Q

Where is the smooth muscle in the blood vessels and what is its role?

A

-tunica media
-arteries
function: constrict or dilate

25
Q

Describe how the blood vessels progressively branch between the aorta and the capillary beds.

A

-elastic arteries give rise to muscular arteries
-muscular arteries will give rise to arterioles and then capillaries
-capillaries can come together to join and form venules
-venules join together to form veins
-veins come together to form vena cava
brings blood to the heart

26
Q

How do the diameters of individual vessels change with branching?
What affect will this have on the pressure in the vessels?

A

-as blood vessels branch, diameter gets smaller and smaller the diameters the cross-sectional layers will decrease.
-smaller diameter pressure will drop, slows flow

27
Q

How does the total cross-sectional area of all the vessels change with branching?

A

a lot more aterials, capillaries, and venules in comparison to larger blood vessels, therefore total cross-sectional area is much higher
-depends on number of vessels not just diameters.

28
Q

What is the relationship between pressure, flow, and resistance?
(pressure= flow x resistance)

A

-higher blood viscosity; higher resistance
-longer the vessels; increase resistance
-larger diameter of vessels: resistance will drop

29
Q

The connective tissue surrounding a muscle bundle is referred to as ____

A

perimysium

30
Q

cross-bridges permit the thin filament to transition from the ______ to _____ state

A

closed to open

31
Q

arrival of the stimuli at the presynaptic cleft of the motor neuron will release acetyl choline to activate ____

A

ligand gated Na channels

32
Q

Fish-hunting snails inject toxins into their victims that block acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction and cause muscle paralysis. The toxin is most likely blocking ____

A

ligand-gated Na+ channels

33
Q

______ binds actin in the absence of Ca2+ to prevent actin-myosin interaction

A

Troponin TnI

34
Q

Muscles with predominantly ____ fibers are most resistant to lactic acid build up

A

slow

35
Q

A mutation that inactivates the myosin light chain phosphatase enzyme will likely cause what in smooth muscles.

A

myosin will remain bound to actin

36
Q

Which of the following is common to smooth and cardiac muscles but not skeletal muscles?

A

gap junctions

37
Q

A person with an RQ value of 0.8 is most likely:

A

resting, using combo of both glucose and fats

38
Q

Isotonic eccentric contraction occurs when you ____

A

lowering dumbbell by extending arm

39
Q

A stimuli from the CNS is not required for ____

A

myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity

40
Q

does the speed of the balls change as the box size changes?

A

no dumbass

41
Q

which alveoli will require the greatest concentration of surfactant to maintain compliance

A

smaller one will need more

BMS 300 (7 decks)

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