key points

Question 1

caregiver-infant interactions

Answer 1

• reciprocity (fieldman 2007, Brazelton 1975)

- internal synchrony (fieldman 2007, Meltzoff 1977)

Question 2

Attachment figures

Answer 2

• parent-infant attachment (Schaffer and Emmerson 1964)
• role of the father (Grossman 2002, longitudinal)
• fathers as primary carers (Field 1978)

Question 3

Schaffer’s stages of attachment

Answer 3

• Schaffer and Emmerson 1964 (separation and stranger anxiety)
• stages (asocial, indiscriminate, specific, multiple)

Question 4

Animal studies of attachment

Answer 4

• Lorenz (imprinting, control and experimental group, geese, critical period, sexual imprinting 1952)
• harlow 58 (rhesus monkeys, contact comfort, maternal deprivation, 90-day critical period)

Question 5

explanation of attachment: learning theory

Answer 5

• Dollard and Miller (1950) - food
• classical conditioning (food as the US, pleasure as UR, caregiver as NS)
• operant conditioning (negative reinforcement when crying stops after the baby are fed or cuddled)
• attachment as a secondary drive (hunger = primary drive, the attachment is secondary drive, drive reduction)

Question 6

explanation of attachment: Bowlby’s theory

Answer 6

• adoptive, social release, critical period, monotropy, internal working model
• monotropy (law of continuity and accumulated separation)
• social releases and critical period
• internal working model

Question 7

Ainsworth’s strange situation

Answer 7

• mary ainsworth (1969) - controlled observation
• proximity seeking, exploration, and secure base behavior, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, response to reunion
• attachment types (secure, insecure- avoidant, insecure- resistant)

Question 8

cultural variation in attachment

Answer 8

• Ijzendoorn and kroonberg (1988) into attachment types in different cultures with meta-analysis (strange situation)
• Simonella (2014), an Italian study

Question 9

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation

Answer 9

• Bowlby (1951)
• separation vs deprivation
• critical period
• effects on intellectual and emotional development (affectionless psychopathy)
• bowlby’s 44 thieves

Question 10

Romainian orphans studies: effects of institutionalization

Answer 10

• Rutter (2011) English and Romanian adoptee study (age adopted, recovery, IQ)
• Effects of institutionalization (disinhibited attachment, mental retardation)
• bucharest early intervention project (Zeanah 2005, strange situation, 65% disorganized attachment)

Question 11

influence of early attachment on later relationships

Answer 11

• internal working model (Bowlby 1969)
• relationships in later attachment (attachment types)
• relationships of adulthood with romantic partners (Hazan and Shaver 1987, love quiz)
• adult relationships as a parent (Bailey et al 2007)