Key Points 3 Flashcards
What percentage of patients with Bell’s palsy will experience complete spontaneous recovery?
Approximately 85% of patients with Bell’s palsy spontaneously recover, although some will have a degree of aberrant regeneration. Recovery usually begins within 3 weeks of diagnosis and usually becomes complete by 2 to 3 months.
Features of Mittendorf Dot
Mittendorf’s dot is a remnant of the posterior tunica vasculosa lentis. It is a white dot typically located on the infero-nasal posterior lens capsule. It is visually innocuous.
Which cataract can be found in a patient with deafness and haemorrhagic nephritis?
The clinical features suggest Alport’s syndrome, which is associated with anterior lenticonus and anterior polar cataracts
A patient presents with blepharospasm, irritated eyes and gradual reduced vision. On examination, you discover conjunctivitis, keratitis, polychromatic cataracts and disc swelling. You suspect this presentation is related to the patient’s background endocrine abnormality.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
hypoparathyroidism
Ocular features of Hypocalcemia?
conjunctivitis
keratitis
polychromatic cataracts
papilloedema
CSF values can range from normal to markedly elevated
Which of the following complications of filtration surgery is more likely with an inferiorly-placed bleb?
Endophthalmitis is more common with inferiorly-placed blebs, probably due to the pooling of infectious agents in the tear film inferiorly.
Ocular associations of CSCR
optic disc pits, optic disc coloboma or choroidal tumours
In which conditions can Supranuclear vertical gaze abnormalities can be a feature of?
pineal region tumors
ataxia-telangiectasia
Parkinson’s disease
Parinaud’s syndromoe
What is the ratio of cones to ganglion cells in the fovea?
The ratio of cones to ganglion cells is 1:1 in the fovea.
What is the ratio of rods to ganglion cells in the periphery?
10,000:1
A 41-year-old lady underwent penetrating keratoplasty 8 weeks ago for keratoconus. She has new-onset mild photophobia but her vision remains better than pre-op. She has marked mydriasis despite not taking any mydriatics since surgery.
The Urrets-Zavalia syndrome is the presence of persistent post-operative mydriasis after penetrating keratoplasty. The cause is uncertain, but it is thought to be due to peri-operative iris ischaemia.
What are the Ocular side effects of apraclonidine
eyelid retraction
mydriasis
conjunctival blanching
Why is IOL insertion avoided during cataract surgery in JIA patients?
the risk of aggressive postoperative inflammation, which can be further aggravated by an IOL. Cycitic membranes can ensue, with hypotony and phthisis.
What structures pass within the common tendinuous ring?
The oculomotor nerve (superior and inferior divisions), abducens nerve, nasociliary nerve, sympathetic root of the ciliary ganglion and on occasion the inferior ophthalmic vein.
Which is the most appropriate visual acuity test for a healthy 3-month-old baby:
Less than 1 year, forced preferential looking cards such as Keeler are most appropriate.
Which is the most appropriate visual acuity test for a healthy 1-2 year old child?
Between 1-year-old to 2-year-old Cardiff acuity cards are suitable.
Which is the most appropriate visual acuity test for a healthy 2 year old child?
Kay pictures are used for children with sufficient language skills to name the pictures (usually age 2).
Which is the most appropriate visual acuity test for a healthy 3 year old and older child?
Sheridan-Gardner or alternatives such as the Sonksen (cards each containing a single letter or crowded letters) are useful for children age 3 or older.
What is dysplasia?
associated with increased cell number and nuclear abnormalities such as hyperchromasia (increased cell staining with haematoxylin) and pleomorphism (altered nuclear size and nuclear shape).
What is Uhthoff’s phenomenon?
the decrease in vision with an increase in body temperature
Systemic Features of hyperparathyroidism?
systemic
fatigue
renal stones
polyuria
bone pain
peptic ulcers
Ocular Features of hyperparathyroidism?
ocular
band keratopathy
conjunctival calcification
corneal opacification
Which drug is most likely to cause binasal field defects?
Vigabatrin is a selective inhibitor of GABA-transaminase, and is used as a second- or third-line anti-epileptic. In rare instances, it can cause an idiosyncratic (rather than dose-related) optic neuropathy. Central vision remains unaffected, but signs include:
optic nerve pallor
RNFL atrophy
concentric peripheral field loss with temporal and macular sparing (bi-nasal field defects)
Which of the following observations is very sensitive to extreme scores in a distribution?
The mean is the average value of observations, and therefore very sensitive to extreme values in a distribution.