Key points 26

Question 1

What are the stages of macula hole?

Answer 1

The staging of macular holes are as follows:
Stage 1a: impending hole (yellow spot)
Stage 1b: occult hole (yellow ring)
Stage 2: early FTMH (<400um)
Stage 3: established FTMH (400+ um)
Stage 4: FTMH (400+ um) with PVD

Question 2

What are some primary choroidal entities?

Answer 2

MEWDS
AMPEE
unilateral acute idiopathic maculopathy
multifocal choroiditis
serpiginous chorioretinopathy

Question 3

What are some Choroidal stromal disease:

Answer 3

Birdshot
VKH
sympathetic ophthalmia
sarcoid
TB

Question 4

A ‘pie-in-the-sky’ visual field defect is caused by a lesion in the:

Answer 4

A ‘pie-in-the-sky’ defect is an incongruous, homonymous, superior quadrantanopic defect. It is the result of a lesion affecting the anterior temporal lobe (Meyer’s loop) contralateral to the side of the visual field defect.

Question 5

Which glaucoma agent is relatively contraindicated in patients with a history of depression or other psychiatric illness?

Answer 5

Beta-antagonists, in general, can cause fatigue, dizziness, and depression at therapeutic doses and should be used with caution in patients with a history of severe depression.