Key issues in global health Flashcards
What is ‘global health’?
Refers to health issues where the determinants circumvent, undermine or are oblivious to the territorial boundaries of states, and are thus beyond the capacity of individual countries to address through domestic institutions.
How many women become pregnant globally each year?
210m
What is the difference in maternal mortality between women in Africa and women in Europe?
Africa: 1 in 12
Europe: 1 in 4,000
What is a communicable disease?
Any condition which is transmitted directly or indirectly to a person from an infected person or animal through the agency of an intermediate animal, host, or vector, or through the inanimate environment.
What is a chronic disease?
Requires ongoing medical care, limits what one
can do, and is likely to last longer than one year.
What percentage of adults in the UK have chronic conditions?
60% (45% with multiple conditions)
What percentage of over 75s have a chronic condition?
75%
What percentage of GI cancer is estimated to be caused by inadequate fruit/vegetable intake?
14%
What percentage of IHD is estimated to be caused by inadequate fruit/vegetable intake?
11%
What percentage of stroke is estimated to be caused by inadequate fruit/vegetable intake?
9%
What non-health factors impact upon global health?
- Economics
- Politics
- War
- Sexual violence
- Environment
- Agriculture
- Culture
What health factors influence global health
- Anti-microbial resistance
- Access to healthcare
- Access to food
- Access to potable water
What percentage reduction in GDP does HIV/AIDS cause in some sub-Saharan African countries?
1%
What percentage reduction in GDP does malaria cause in some sub-Saharan African countries?
1.3%
How much in lost earnings does TB cost a person on average in sub-Saharan Africa?
3-4 months - can be 30% household annual income
What percentage of the world’s population live in slums?
32%
What percentage of the least developed countries urban populations live in slums?
78%
What percentage of the world’s deaths will tobacco be responsible for by 2030?
10%
What are the six building blocks of a health system according to the WHO?
- Service delivery
- Financing
- Medical products and technology
- Health information system
- Leadership and governance
- Health workforce
Countries that spend less than $10 per person per year generally achieve how much of the life expectancy that is possible?
75% (seldom)
Do countries that spend less than $60 per person per year provide a decent health service?
No - find it difficult to deliver a reasonable, minimum range of services.
According to the IMF, what percentage of GNP in low-income countries should be spent on health in order to meet international development goals?
12%
What are the 5 ways of financing a health system?
- Direct or out-of-pocket payments,
- General taxation to the state, county or municipality,
- Social health insurance,
- Voluntary or private health insurance, and
- Donations or community health insurance.
