Key individuals Flashcards
Charles V
1516 King of Spain
1519 elected Holy Roman Emperor
Backs christianisation of Americas eg Cortes
Failed to silence Luther 1521 Diet of Worms
Distracted w/ wars with French/Turks
- Battle of Pavia 1525 captured Francis
- 1529 Vienna besieged by Turks
1546 by time he united armies to fight Lutheran Princes, 1547 Battle of Muhlberg defeated prots
After failure of Colloquy of Regensburg 1541, pushed for Council
Abdicates 1556 after PoA
Paul III
Archetypal yet reformative (1534-49)
Nepotist - 15 yr old grandsons made cardinals, Son made Duke of Parma and Piacenza
Appointed influential reformists as cardinals (Contarini + Carafa) 1535
1536 General Council ordered 780 bishops to leave Rome for own diocese, Concilium investigated abuses
Oversaw Roman Index + Inquisition 1542
Pushed for 1st session of Trent 1545
Approved Capuchins 1536, Jesuits 1540
Started irreversible trend of reformation
turned materialistic renaissance Papacy into spiritually dynamic counter reformation papacy
Contarini
Liberal reformer
Wanted doctrinal + institutional reform, smart but naive
published Consilium de emendanda ecclesia w/o Pauls permission 1538, prot jubilation
Colloquy of Regensburg last chance to accommodate Lutherans 1541 but failed
Died 1542 - end of catholic conciliarism
Carafa/ Paul IV
Conservative reformer (Zelanti), wanted prots destroyed
Founded theatines 1524
- led Roman Inquisition 1542 + Index (1559 expanded) banned unorthodox books, 100-200 friars in Rome sent to Galleys, financial abuses corrected
- as Pope 1555-59 did not recall Trent + wanted to disband Jesuits -> internal reform
Ignatius Loyola
est. Jesuits 1540
non compromising strategy on doctrine
spiritual exercises 1548, niche strategy targeted influential secular leaders -> greater spirituality
constitutions 1553 reinforced elite disciplinary status, 1534 dedicated life to God (abstinence), high personal standards
focused Jesuits to battleground states eg. Canisius sent to HRE 1549
Francis Xavier
high level of conviction (died 1552 from sickness), seen as inspirational pioneer of missionary work from 1540s
1542 - Goa
1549 - Japan
est. long term influence outside europe but this struggled after 16th century, ventured not expanded
Pius IV (1559-65)
1562 reopened Trent, Jan 1564 issued Papal Bull publishing tridentine decrees
austere but nepotist, Borromeo his nephew
1563 threatened to excommunicate Queen of Navarre (calvinism) but withdrew after protest from Charles IX
