Jesuits + religious orders Flashcards
How/when were Jesuits established?
1534 Loyola + friend took vows of poverty, chastity + obedience
Idea to travel to Holy Land, but stranded in Venice due to war w/ Turks -> developed reputation for dedication to sick/poor
Recognised by Paul III in 1540
Diego Lainez Superior General 1558-65
What techniques were used by Jesuits
Spiritual exercises niche strategy which created fervent supporters, flexible so could target influential (mark of distinction in 1540s)
- published 1548 so spread across Europe (printing press), individual meditative programme
What was Jesuit discipline like?
No common discipline like regular orders, worked in communities preaching + performing spiritual exercises
Constitutions created by Loyola + associates 1547-51, laid down rules of election for vicar general + training of new members (ensured spiritually elite status)
What missionary work did the Jesuits carry out?
Focus on dedication + martyrdom
- Francis Xavier went to Goa + Japan 1542-52 converted handful people, died of sickness
-> disregarded own welfare, seen as inspiration/pioneer by Js in europe - active in 32 provinces by 1610, number of expeditions to New World increased, limited success in Japan, India + East Africa but resources scarce
What work did Jesuits do around education?
Founded many colleges + seminaries (Messina 1546, Rome 1551)
Ratio studiorum curriculum 1599
-> attracted spiritual + social elite
- by 1565, over 100 Jesuit schools built, some in key protestant areas eg, Bohemia + Austria
Gave jesuits significant long term success as could influence future elite + censor prot ideas
When were the Capuchins founded?
S. Italy 1520, gained papal recognition 1528
by 1550s had >2,500 members but based solely in Italy until 1570s
When did Ochino flee to join Calvin?
Capuchin leader aroused suspicion around doctrine, fled in 1541, tarnished reputation of Capuchins
vs Loyola who was spiritually consistent leader whom papacy trusted
When were Barnabites founded ?
1533, but only mainly around Milan
vs Jesuits who were in key battleground states
When were Ursulines formed?
1535, main provider of catholic education for girls
by 1595 traditional enclosed order of nuns so impact limited
only entered France 1597
29 communities setup South France 1600-10
Who were the Theatines + when founded?
exclusively priests, sons of nobility so elite status
founded 1524 by Cajetan + Carafa, model order of priests
membership small, never exceeded 31 of 1533
publicity outsripped relaity of achievements
When was Canisius sent to the HRE?
1549 sent to Ingolstadt (Bavaria) to set up first seminary 1556
1566 catechism papal approval, simple summary of christian teachings
