Key events/institutions

Question 1

Italian Wars (events and dates)

Answer 1

1494 - 1559
Dynastic claims of France + Spain to Italian states
-> Sack of Rome May 1527 Habsburg troops storm Rome, Pope Clement VII fled to Castel St Angelo
-> Charles controlled Italy 1530-35, limited peace until Francis invades Milan 1535

Protestant growth facilitated in HRE

Question 2

Colloquy of Regensburg

Answer 2

1541, led by Contarini ‘liberal reformer’ and Melancthon (moderates)
Progress made over faith + discipline but issues of Papal supremacy remained

Question 3

Consilium de emendanda ecclesia

Answer 3

Sep 1536
Led by Contarini
- ended selling of exemptions to wealthy
- abandoned simony + pluralism

BUT Paul realised reform too revolutionary so resisted publication.
Contarini published anyway in 1538 -> Prot jubilation as admission of guilt

Question 4

Publication of 95 theses + later pamphlets

Answer 4

1517, Luther attacked indulgences + disciplinary abuses

1519 debate w Eck at Leipzig forced Luther’s position
-> 3 pamphlets 1520 set out prot ideas + rejected core catholic beliefs

Question 5

Growth of Protestantism in Germany

Answer 5

Luther gains key support from German Princes eg Philip of Hesse 1526

Diet at Augsburg 1530 Catholics rejected Prot beliefs
-> Schmalkaldic League 1531 formed to combat Charles

Question 6

Peace of Augsburg

Answer 6

1555, followed Prot defeat by Emperor in Schmalkaldic War (1547)
but gave prots significant gains, allowed each state to determine its own faith

Question 7

Roman Index + Inquisition

Answer 7

both 1542, suppressed any Lutheranism in Italy + unorthodox literature (liberal catholicism), index rejected by Philip

Holy Office led by conservative Carafa

Question 8

When was the Peace of Crepy?

Answer 8

1544, meant Charles could deal w prots from 1546 onwards although reformation already gained momentum

Question 9

When was first session of Trent?

Answer 9

1545-47
focused on condemning protestant errors + clarifying doctrine (7sacraments upheld)

Question 10

When was second session of Trent?

Answer 10

1551-52
transubstantiation, penance + confession agreed
prot. delegation challenged church hierarchy (Councils over Pope)

Question 11

When was third session of Trent?

Answer 11

1562-63
Indulgences abolished, celibacy + ecclesiastical duties agreed, bishops to hold visitations

Question 12

Impact of Roman Inquisition

Answer 12

1556 12 jews burnt at Ancona, 1563 2,000 Waldensians brutally massacred Southern Italy
regional impact, fear of inquisition contributed to rise of heresy in NLs , France used Chambre d’Ardente 1547 to poorly quell heresy