key concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Give definition for norms
Give an example of Norms
How do norms help society
How are norms enforced

A

✅️provide guidelines on appropriate and expected behaviour in specific social settings such as classrooms, cinemas, and aeroplanes.
✅️People are usually expected to sit quietly while watching the film
✅️Provides order in society and allow it to function smoothly
✅️Through positive and negative sanctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give definition for values
Give an example of Values
How do values vary cross-culturally and give an example

A

✅️Ideas and belief about what is desirable and worth striving for
✅️ Value placed on top examination grades,privacy, and respect for human life
✅️ Differ from one culture to another
For Eg, in Western societies,wealth and material possessions are often worth highly valued and worth striving for

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give a definition : culture
Given an example of : culture
How does it vary?

A

✅️ refers to the whole way of life of a particular society’s value and norms ,customs,belief,knowledge,skills, and language
✅️ Roast pigs are a traditional delicate in Ecuador, while guinea pigs are often kept as family pets in the uk
Or
Football on a Saturday and a roast on a Sunday in britian
✅️According to the place and time period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Identity

A

The idea you have about who you are and your sense of self
Example : (C.A.G.E)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give a definition : Role
Given an example of :
How does it vary

A

✅️A part we play in society. Different roles have different Norms associated with them
✅️A working Mom, a mother looking after kids at home and also an employee
✅️We have multiple roles, and sometimes, there’s role conflict

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give a definition : Status
Given an example of : Status
How does it vary

A

✅️The level of importance a person has or is seen to have in society
✅️Queen has ascribed status
✅️Status can be ascribed status
(status that you’re born with)
or achieved status
(status that you have made for yourself)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give a definition : Sociolisation
Given an example of : sociolisation
How does it vary:

A

✅️The process through which we learn the norms, values, and culture of our society
✅️Primary and secondary socialisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give a definition : Primary Sociolisation
Given an example of : primary Sociolisation
How does it vary

A

✅️Socialisation via family during our early years (0-5)
✅️Learning basic norms(language) and values(sharing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give a definition : secondary Sociolisation
Given an example of :
How does it vary

A

✅️ Sociolisation via family and other institutions that act as agents of socialisation
✅️Education,media,peers,workplace,religions
✅️Parsons believe education is a bridge between family and wider society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does media socialise individuals)

A

✅️influence of role models
✅️imitation of behaviour
✅️reprensation of groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How’s does education socialise individuals

A

✅️Formal Curriculum
✅️Hidden Curriculum
✅️Use of sanctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do peer groups socialise individuals

A

✅️ influence of role models
✅️ peer pressure
✅️use of sanctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give a definition : Gender role
Given an example of : Gender role
How does it vary

A

✅️ Characterisitcs and behaviour that are expected from and associated with males and females in society
✅️Boys should be tough, grils should be caring,
✅️Gender role socialisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how is Gender role socialisation implemented in family, education, and media

A

✅️through canalisation(giving of toys/clothes)
✅️through manipulation(differential treatments)
✅️In school, through gendered subjects,textbooks,hidden curriculum and expectations from teachers, etc
✅️In the mida through representations of gender in films, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give a definition: Social control
Given an example of: social control
How does it vary

A
  • The means by which social order is kept in society.
    -Informal and formal social control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give two important value

A
  1. An important value in our society is acquiring wealth. This means to acquire money, land, property
    etc… and to live a comfortable life.
    2.Another important value in our society is to maintain good health. This means we value good
    physical and mental wellbeing. We tend to take care of our bodies physically, intellectually, socially
    and emotionally.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Examples of values in a global context

A
  • A value in India is to respect ancestors and Gods. In India, Hindus tend to view and
    value the ‘cow’ as a sacred object.
  • Many Native American Indian tribes such as the Sioux, value bravery. To have
    courage and protect was of great importance. See Chief Sitting Bull to the right
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ascribed Status

A

Ascribed status refers to the status you have at
birth.
Ascribed status is usually fixed for example
gender and race.
For example, being a son is an
example of ascribed status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Achieved Status

A

achieved status refers to status which is earned and is based on merit. People work hard to achieve
their status. This could include achieving qualifications. Achieved status is common in the western
world (Europe and America). All of you here aim to achieve your status through passing your exams
and achieving high results. For example, a teacher or a doctor is an example of achieved status.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Role models in peer groups can socialise people in what way

A

Some members of the group are likely to have more power and influence. Others
may follow them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

PEER PRESSURE in peer groups can socialise people in what way

A

Peer groups may pressure members to follow its norms and values such as joining in group
activities of following a dress code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Informal sanction in peer groups can socialise people in what way

A

If an individual does not conform to the group norms,
they might be ignored or left out. If they follow group norms, this might lead to invitations to
events!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Formal Curriculum in education can socialise people in what way

A
  • National Curriculum (1988)
  • Structured and set lessons.
  • Fully aware of this.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

give definition for hidden curriculum

A
  • Messages, norms, and values passed on to
    children without them realizing.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Hidden Curriculum in education can socialise people in what way
26
media violence in media can socialise people in what way who is the sociologist who came up with this viewpoint
It has been argued that violence on television or in films and video games might lead impressionable children or young people to copy the violence in real life. Albert Bandura found evidence of this is his experiment with the Bobo Doll.
27
religion can socialise people in what way
Religion teaches individuals what to believe and how to live their lives. In Christianity, this is reinforced through the 10 commandments. These are rules or guidelines which outline how individuals should conduct themselves in everyday life through positive sanction and negative sanctions (going heaven) (going hell)
28
Nature vs Nurture
The debate: Do we act and behave the way we do because we are born to do so (nature) or do we act the way we do because we have been taught to do so by the agents of socialisation (nuture).
29
give 4 points for Nature
* Behaviour is mostly determined by our genetics. * Scientists suggest we inherit behaviour traits from our parents, just like we would eye colour. * Scientists argue that sexuality, intelligence and maternal instinct are all coded in the genes. * Use the example of the Jim Twins to support this view.
30
give 4 points for Nurture
* Sociologists tend to argue that nurture is more significant and that human behaviour is mostly learned. * Individuals are socialised into the culture of their family and society and taught how to live in society by the agencies of socialisation. * Intelligence and maternal instinct are a result of nurture. * Cultural diversity: All societies and cultures would be similar if behaviour was natural.
31
evidence for nature
Jim twins had many similarities in their lifestyles and thought processes despite being split at birth
32
evidence for nuture
* Cultural diversity: All societies and cultures would be similar if behaviour was natural. *After her parents abandoned her, Oxana Malaya lived with a pack of dogs for nearly five years — and picked up some dog-like behaviours during her time with them.
33
feral children
Feral means ‘wild’ or ‘unsocialised’. Feral children have been removed from normal human contact and have missed normal processes of human socialisation. They have not learned social behaviour and are unable to participate as humans within their society. This proves human behaviour is learned (oxana malaya)
34
what is cultural diversity
cultural diversity refers to difference in culture. Cultural diversity is evidence of the nurture debate. Norms, values and customs vary considerable between different cultures. They change over time, between groups within a society and between countries
35
Subcultures
If the culture of a group is distinct and different from the culture of the majority population in terms of its values or norms, it is known as a subculture. Subcultures could have very different tastes in fashion and music.
36
Cultural diversity across the world
In Britain it is the custom to say ‘thank you’ after a meal, whereas Inuit’s from Canada break wind! * In India and Japan, all food on a plate should be finished to show the meal was enjoyed. * In China clearing your plate is considered rude- not enough food. * Slurping soup in Japan is socially acceptable, but regarded as rude in Britain.
37
social control
Refers to the process whereby society tries to ensure its members keeps to the laws, norms and values of that society and the approved ways of behaving. This is achieved through socialisation and the use of sanctions.
38
informal social control
refers to the influence of socialization on us and the sanction used by informal agents of socialisation such as peer group, family, media, and school
39
examples of informal control
Examples: Families could reward children when they are well behaved and successful. Families could ground a child or withhold pocket money for unacceptable behaviour. At school:a teacher may praise a child for good work. A disruptive child could be removed.
40
What is formal Control
Refers to the control enforced by the government to make people obey its laws and the organisations that carry this out, such as the police and law courts and sometimes the army.
41
Examples of formal control
*If an individual breaks the law the police have many formal sanctions such as cautions, arrests, charging *The courts can impose punishments such as fines and imprisonments.
42
Gender Identity
Families help socially construct gender roles through primary socialisation.
43
Feminist Anne Oakley suggests families socialise their children into a particular gender….
Canalisation- Parents push their children to act in certain ways. This is the more obvious of the two, there is no false pretense. This is normally done in ways such as buying certain toys or painting bedroom walls certain colours. manipulation -parents encourage their children to behave in certain ways and discourage others, on the basis of what they consider normal (and correct) for a male or female child. This is normally done subtly. I.e. its ok for boys to play in the mud and play fight but not girls.
44
Education and Gender Identity
1.Peer Groups Boys tend to dominate classes. In the playground boys dominate by spreading out and playing ball games such as football, whereas girls are more often to be found on and around the edges, chatting or skipping (primary school!)
45
Education and Gender Identity - sue lee
Some peer groups might encourage double standards of sexual morality. Boys might be encouraged to be sexually promiscuous and see it as a means of gaining status in the male peer group whereas they will condemn girls. Sue Lee found that its acceptable for boys to be sexually promiscuous and that such boys were regarded as a ‘bit of a lad’ by their peer groups. A different standard was applied to girls, and girls who were sexually promiscuous were likely to be heavily disapproved of and called ‘slags’ or ‘sluts’.
46
media & stereotyping (gender)
Children and young people might look to individuals in the media as role models and might copy the way they look and dress, how they behave and what their values appear to be. Stereotyping refers to presenting an untrue, oversimplified and generalised picture of a member of a social group such as always showing women in adverts as housewives and mothers and neglecting their roles in the work place.
47
Video games and gender
Video games are often accused of gender stereotyping and showing women either as helpless and or as sex objects. The first video game to use a female lead was tomb raider in 1996. The use of Lara Croft as the character the game player ‘enacted’ answered criticisms that women were always played as damsels in distress and that a brave , capable, clever action hero was always male. But she still conformed to other stereotypes of women.
48
what is ethnity
Ethnicity or ethnic group usually refer to a group of people who share a culture, history and way of life. They may share a common nationality i.e. ‘British’. This can include shared language, religion, clothing, food, music and art. Ethnicity is a social concept. Race refers to ones biological characterises for example the colour of your skin
49
how do families socialise children with their ethnic identity
Families have an impact on ethnic identity by the culture, attitudes and values they live with and pass on to their children. Families might encourage children to have an ethnic identity by the language spoken in the home, the food eaten, the clothes worn, the festivals and traditions followed and the music and other arts enjoyed.
50
The following 3 areas teach ethnic groups they are different:
o Ethnocentric curriculum. o Teacher attitudes. o Setting and streaming.
51
Ethnocentric curriculum
refers to studying or looking at another culture, from the perspective of your own.
52
what is streaming
Streaming refers to putting students into similar ability groups for all lessons.
53
what is setting
refers to putting students into similar ability groups for some lessons. For example top set maths, but a mixed ability group in Sociology.
54
55
Family and National Identity
Families might support Great Britain at the Olympics Games, BUT there is national rivalry within Britain between England, Ireland and Wales and Scotland, particular in sports such as rugby and football. Children might be encouraged to support a parent’s national team and encourage a national identity.
56
education and national identity
Schools might teach national identity by teaching the national language and religion, celebrating national festivals and singing anthems and learning folk stories about the history of the country. * In Northumberland, some schools teach children about local traditions and try to preserve the Northumbrian dialect. * In the USA, children pledge allegiance to the flag every day
57
peer groups and national identity
Some peer groups promote national identity by encouraging members to be racist towards other nationalities, or an ethnic identity by racist behaviour towards all people of a different ethnic background. This could happen at school, but more recently political groups have been formed i.e. English Defence league.
58
Social class
Social class refers to a group who share a similar economic and social situation. This includes; * People who have similar experiences (or perhaps a shared culture) * People who earn a similar amount of money.
59
Family and Social Class
Families will influence their children's identities by the way they are socialised. * Upper and middle class families are more likely to have a form of language, attitudes, and values that will help their children to succeed at school. * They pass their way of living on to their children. * Working class parents do not always have the appropriate culture to transmit to their children. Their children are more likely to underachieve at school
60
Role of peer groups in creating class identities
A peer group might be made up of members of the same social class. Peer groups might put pressure on its members to do certain things and behave in ways seen as inappropriate. For example encouraging each other to mess about at school and to have fun by disobeying teachers and school rules
61
Gender
A role, with norms and expectations of how to act, linked to whether you are male or female. Gender is not the same as biological sex.
62
Social construction
Something that is shaped and created by society. I.e. gender, childhood and crime.
63
Social cohesion
The situation in which there are strong, tight bonds and a sense of agreement between members of society