key concepts

Question 1

Give definition for norms
Give an example of Norms
How do norms help society
How are norms enforced

Answer 1

✅️provide guidelines on appropriate and expected behaviour in specific social settings such as classrooms, cinemas, and aeroplanes.
✅️People are usually expected to sit quietly while watching the film
✅️Provides order in society and allow it to function smoothly
✅️Through positive and negative sanctions

Question 2

Give definition for values
Give an example of Values
How do values vary cross-culturally and give an example

Answer 2

✅️Ideas and belief about what is desirable and worth striving for
✅️ Value placed on top examination grades,privacy, and respect for human life
✅️ Differ from one culture to another
For Eg, in Western societies,wealth and material possessions are often worth highly valued and worth striving for

Question 3

Give a definition : culture
Given an example of : culture
How does it vary?

Answer 3

✅️ refers to the whole way of life of a particular society’s value and norms ,customs,belief,knowledge,skills, and language
✅️ Roast pigs are a traditional delicate in Ecuador, while guinea pigs are often kept as family pets in the uk
Or
Football on a Saturday and a roast on a Sunday in britian
✅️According to the place and time period

Question 4

Identity

Answer 4

The idea you have about who you are and your sense of self
Example : (C.A.G.E)

Question 5

Give a definition : Role
Given an example of :
How does it vary

Answer 5

✅️A part we play in society. Different roles have different Norms associated with them
✅️A working Mom, a mother looking after kids at home and also an employee
✅️We have multiple roles, and sometimes, there’s role conflict

Question 6

Give a definition : Status
Given an example of : Status
How does it vary

Answer 6

✅️The level of importance a person has or is seen to have in society
✅️Queen has ascribed status
✅️Status can be ascribed status
(status that you’re born with)
or achieved status
(status that you have made for yourself)

Question 7

Give a definition : Sociolisation
Given an example of : sociolisation
How does it vary:

Answer 7

✅️The process through which we learn the norms, values, and culture of our society
✅️Primary and secondary socialisation

Question 8

Give a definition : Primary Sociolisation
Given an example of : primary Sociolisation
How does it vary

Answer 8

✅️Socialisation via family during our early years (0-5)
✅️Learning basic norms(language) and values(sharing)

Question 9

Give a definition : secondary Sociolisation
Given an example of :
How does it vary

Answer 9

✅️ Sociolisation via family and other institutions that act as agents of socialisation
✅️Education,media,peers,workplace,religions
✅️Parsons believe education is a bridge between family and wider society

Question 10

How does media socialise individuals)

Answer 10

✅️influence of role models
✅️imitation of behaviour
✅️reprensation of groups

Question 11

How’s does education socialise individuals

Answer 11

✅️Formal Curriculum
✅️Hidden Curriculum
✅️Use of sanctions

Question 12

How do peer groups socialise individuals

Answer 12

✅️ influence of role models
✅️ peer pressure
✅️use of sanctions

Question 13

Give a definition : Gender role
Given an example of : Gender role
How does it vary

Answer 13

✅️ Characterisitcs and behaviour that are expected from and associated with males and females in society
✅️Boys should be tough, grils should be caring,
✅️Gender role socialisation

Question 14

how is Gender role socialisation implemented in family, education, and media

Answer 14

✅️through canalisation(giving of toys/clothes)
✅️through manipulation(differential treatments)
✅️In school, through gendered subjects,textbooks,hidden curriculum and expectations from teachers, etc
✅️In the mida through representations of gender in films, etc

Question 15

Give a definition: Social control
Given an example of: social control
How does it vary

Answer 15

• The means by which social order is kept in society.
  -Informal and formal social control

Question 16

Give two important value

Answer 16

1. An important value in our society is acquiring wealth. This means to acquire money, land, property
   etc… and to live a comfortable life.
   2.Another important value in our society is to maintain good health. This means we value good
   physical and mental wellbeing. We tend to take care of our bodies physically, intellectually, socially
   and emotionally.

Question 17

Examples of values in a global context

Answer 17

• A value in India is to respect ancestors and Gods. In India, Hindus tend to view and
  value the ‘cow’ as a sacred object.
• Many Native American Indian tribes such as the Sioux, value bravery. To have
  courage and protect was of great importance. See Chief Sitting Bull to the right

Question 18

Ascribed Status

Answer 18

Ascribed status refers to the status you have at
birth.
Ascribed status is usually fixed for example
gender and race.
For example, being a son is an
example of ascribed status

Question 19

Achieved Status

Answer 19

achieved status refers to status which is earned and is based on merit. People work hard to achieve
their status. This could include achieving qualifications. Achieved status is common in the western
world (Europe and America). All of you here aim to achieve your status through passing your exams
and achieving high results. For example, a teacher or a doctor is an example of achieved status.

Question 20

Role models in peer groups can socialise people in what way

Answer 20

Some members of the group are likely to have more power and influence. Others
may follow them.

Question 21

PEER PRESSURE in peer groups can socialise people in what way

Answer 21

Peer groups may pressure members to follow its norms and values such as joining in group
activities of following a dress code

Question 22

Informal sanction in peer groups can socialise people in what way

Answer 22

If an individual does not conform to the group norms,
they might be ignored or left out. If they follow group norms, this might lead to invitations to
events!

Question 23

Formal Curriculum in education can socialise people in what way

Answer 23

• National Curriculum (1988)
• Structured and set lessons.
• Fully aware of this.

Question 24

give definition for hidden curriculum

Answer 24

• Messages, norms, and values passed on to
  children without them realizing.

Question 25

Hidden Curriculum in education can socialise people in what way

Answer 25

Question 26

media violence in media can socialise people in what way
who is the sociologist who came up with this viewpoint

Answer 26

It has been argued that violence on television or in films and video games might lead
impressionable children or young people to copy the violence in real life. Albert Bandura
found evidence of this is his experiment with the Bobo Doll.

Question 27

religion can socialise people in what way

Answer 27

Religion teaches individuals what to believe and how to live their lives. In Christianity, this is reinforced
through the 10 commandments. These are rules or guidelines which outline how individuals should
conduct themselves in everyday life
through positive sanction and negative sanctions (going heaven)
(going hell)

Question 28

Nature vs Nurture

Answer 28

The debate: Do we act and behave the way we do because we are born to do so (nature) or do we
act the way we do because we have been taught to do so by the agents of socialisation (nuture).

Question 29

give 4 points for Nature

Answer 29

• Behaviour is mostly determined by our genetics.
• Scientists suggest we inherit behaviour traits from our parents, just
  like we would eye colour.
• Scientists argue that sexuality, intelligence and maternal instinct are
  all coded in the genes.
• Use the example of the Jim Twins to support this view.

Question 30

give 4 points for Nurture

Answer 30

• Sociologists tend to argue that nurture is more significant and that human behaviour is mostly
  learned.
• Individuals are socialised into the culture of their family and society and taught how to live in
  society by the agencies of socialisation.
• Intelligence and maternal instinct are a result of nurture.
• Cultural diversity: All societies and cultures would be similar if behaviour was natural.

Question 31

evidence for nature

Answer 31

Jim twins had many similarities in their lifestyles and thought processes despite being split at birth

Question 32

evidence for nuture

Answer 32

• Cultural diversity: All societies and cultures would be similar if behaviour was natural.
  *After her parents abandoned her, Oxana Malaya lived with a pack of dogs for nearly five years — and picked up some dog-like behaviours during her time with them.

Question 33

feral children

Answer 33

Feral means ‘wild’ or ‘unsocialised’. Feral children have been removed from normal human contact
and have missed normal processes of human socialisation. They have not learned social behaviour
and are unable to participate as humans within their society. This proves human behaviour is
learned (oxana malaya)

Question 34

what is cultural diversity

Answer 34

cultural diversity refers to difference in culture. Cultural diversity is evidence of the nurture debate.
Norms, values and customs vary considerable between different cultures. They change over time,
between groups within a society and between countries

Question 35

Subcultures

Answer 35

If the culture of a group is distinct and different from the culture of the majority population in terms
of its values or norms, it is known as a subculture. Subcultures could have very different tastes in
fashion and music.

Question 36

Cultural diversity across the world

Answer 36

In Britain it is the custom to say ‘thank you’ after a meal, whereas Inuit’s from Canada break wind!
* In India and Japan, all food on a plate should be finished to show the meal was enjoyed.
* In China clearing your plate is considered rude- not enough food.
* Slurping soup in Japan is socially acceptable, but regarded as rude in Britain.

Question 37

social control

Answer 37

Refers to the process whereby society tries to ensure its members keeps to the laws, norms and
values of that society and the approved ways of behaving. This is achieved through socialisation and
the use of sanctions.

Question 38

informal social control

Answer 38

refers to the influence of socialization on us and the sanction used by informal agents of socialisation such as peer group, family, media, and school

Question 39

examples of informal control

Answer 39

Examples:
Families could reward children when they are
well behaved and successful.
Families could ground a child or withhold
pocket money for unacceptable behaviour.
At school:a teacher may praise a child for good
work.
A disruptive child could be removed.

Question 40

What is formal Control

Answer 40

Refers to the control enforced by the government to
make people obey its laws and the organisations that
carry this out, such as the police and law courts and
sometimes the army.

Question 41

Examples of formal control

Answer 41

*If an individual breaks the law
the police have many formal
sanctions such as cautions,
arrests, charging
*The courts can impose
punishments such as fines and
imprisonments.

Question 42

Gender Identity

Answer 42

Families help socially construct gender roles through primary
socialisation.

Question 43

Feminist Anne Oakley suggests families socialise their children into a particular gender….

Answer 43

Canalisation- Parents push their children to act in certain ways. This is the more obvious of the
two, there is no false pretense. This is normally done in ways such as buying
certain toys or painting bedroom walls certain colours.
manipulation -parents encourage their children to behave in certain ways and discourage
others, on the basis of what they consider normal (and correct) for a male or
female child. This is normally done subtly. I.e. its ok for boys to play in the mud
and play fight but not girls.

Question 44

Education and Gender Identity

Answer 44

1.Peer Groups
Boys tend to dominate classes.
In the playground boys dominate by spreading out and playing ball games such as football, whereas
girls are more often to be found on and around the edges, chatting or skipping (primary school!)

Question 45

Education and Gender Identity - sue lee

Answer 45

Some peer groups might encourage double
standards of sexual morality. Boys might be
encouraged to be sexually promiscuous and see it
as a means of gaining status in the male peer
group whereas they will condemn girls.
Sue Lee found that its acceptable for boys to be
sexually promiscuous and that such boys were
regarded as a ‘bit of a lad’ by their peer groups. A
different standard was applied to girls, and girls
who were sexually promiscuous were likely to be
heavily disapproved of and called ‘slags’ or ‘sluts’.

Question 46

media & stereotyping (gender)

Answer 46

Children and young people might look to individuals in the media as role models and might copy the
way they look and dress, how they behave and what their values appear to be.
Stereotyping refers to presenting an untrue, oversimplified and generalised picture of a member of
a social group such as always showing women in adverts as housewives and mothers and neglecting
their roles in the work place.

Question 47

Video games and gender

Answer 47

Video games are often accused of gender stereotyping and showing women either as helpless and or
as sex objects. The first video game to use a female lead was tomb raider in 1996.
The use of Lara Croft as the character the game player ‘enacted’ answered
criticisms that women were always played as damsels in distress and that a
brave , capable, clever action hero was always male. But she still conformed
to other stereotypes of women.

Question 48

what is ethnity

Answer 48

Ethnicity or ethnic group usually refer to a group of people who share a culture, history and way of
life. They may share a common nationality i.e. ‘British’. This can include shared language, religion,
clothing, food, music and art. Ethnicity is a social concept. Race refers to ones biological
characterises for example the colour of your skin

Question 49

how do families socialise children with their ethnic identity

Answer 49

Families have an impact on ethnic identity by the culture, attitudes and values they live with and pass
on to their children. Families might encourage children to have an ethnic identity by the language
spoken in the home, the food eaten, the clothes worn, the festivals and traditions followed and the
music and other arts enjoyed.

Question 50

The following 3 areas teach ethnic
groups they are different:

Answer 50

o Ethnocentric curriculum.
o Teacher attitudes.
o Setting and streaming.

Question 51

Ethnocentric curriculum

Answer 51

refers to studying or looking at another culture, from the perspective of
your own.

Question 52

what is streaming

Answer 52

Streaming refers to putting students into similar ability groups for all lessons.

Question 53

what is setting

Answer 53

refers to putting students into similar ability groups for some lessons. For example top set
maths, but a mixed ability group in Sociology.

Question 55

Family and National Identity

Answer 55

Families might support Great Britain at the Olympics Games, BUT there is national rivalry within Britain
between England, Ireland and Wales and Scotland, particular in sports such as rugby and football.
Children might be encouraged to support a parent’s national team and encourage a national identity.

Question 56

education and national identity

Answer 56

Schools might teach national identity by teaching the national
language and religion, celebrating national festivals and singing
anthems and learning folk stories about the history of the country.
* In Northumberland, some schools teach children about
local traditions and try to preserve the Northumbrian
dialect.
* In the USA, children pledge allegiance to the flag every day

Question 57

peer groups and national identity

Answer 57

Some peer groups promote national identity by encouraging members to be racist towards other
nationalities, or an ethnic identity by racist behaviour towards all people of a different ethnic
background. This could happen at school, but more recently political groups have been formed i.e.
English Defence league.

Question 58

Social class

Answer 58

Social class refers to a group who share a similar economic and social situation. This includes;
* People who have similar experiences (or perhaps a shared culture)
* People who earn a similar amount of money.

Question 59

Family and Social Class

Answer 59

Families will influence their children’s identities by the way they are socialised.
* Upper and middle class families are more likely to have a form of language, attitudes, and values
that will help their children to succeed at school.
* They pass their way of living on to their children.
* Working class parents do not always have the appropriate culture to transmit to their children.
Their children are more likely to underachieve at school

Question 60

Role of peer groups in creating class identities

Answer 60

A peer group might be made up of members of the same social class. Peer groups might put pressure
on its members to do certain things and behave in ways seen as inappropriate. For example
encouraging each other to mess about at school and to have fun by disobeying teachers and school
rules

Question 61

Gender

Answer 61

A role, with norms and expectations of how to act, linked to whether you are male or
female. Gender is not the same as biological sex.

Question 62

Social construction

Answer 62

Something that is shaped and created by society. I.e. gender, childhood and crime.

Question 63

Social cohesion

Answer 63

The situation in which there are strong, tight bonds and a sense of agreement between
members of society