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USMLE Step 1 > Key Associations (First Aid Rapid Review) > Flashcards

Key Associations (First Aid Rapid Review) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing’s ulcer

Increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion

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3
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burn

A

Curling’s ulcer

Greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa

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4
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (Crohn’s disease)

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5
Q

Aneurysm, dissecting

A

HTN

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6
Q

Aortic aneurysm

Abdominal and descending aorta

A

Atherosclerosis

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7
Q

Aortic aneurysm, arch

A 
Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis)
Vasa vasorum destruction
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8
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending

A

Marfan’s syndrome

Idiopathic cystic medial degeneration

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9
Q

Atrophy of the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia, confusion)

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10
Q

Autosplenectomy

fibrosis and shrinkage

A

Sickle cell anemia

Hemoglobin S

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11
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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12
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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13
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

Group B streptococcus (newborns)

S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids)

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14
Q

Benign melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus

m/c in first two decades

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15
Q

Bleeding disorder with GbIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome

Defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand’s factor

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16
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma

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17
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
or
spratentorial: craniophayrngioma (cerebellum)

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18
Q

Breast cancer

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

in the U.S., 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer

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19
Q

Breast mass

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma

In postmenopausal women

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20
Q

Breast tumor (benign)

A

Fibroadenoma

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21
Q

Cardiac primary tumor (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma

Often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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22
Q

Cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

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23
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A

Metastasis

1st degree myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and valve”)

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24
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or synringomyelia)

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25
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation

Associated with high risk of emboli

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26
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma

can also cause pernicious anemia

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27
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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28
Q

Compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis
(type I: postmenopausal woman)
(type II: elderly man or woman)

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29
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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30
Q

Congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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31
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome

Inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile

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32
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

Tuberculosis (developing world)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (developed world)

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33
Q

Coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD > RCA > LCA

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34
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism

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35
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Iatrogenic Cushing’s (from corticosteroid therapy)
Adrenocortical denoma (secretes excess cortisol)
ACTH-secretinanosis (earlyg pituitary adenoma
Paraneoplastic Cushing’s (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)

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36
Q

Cyanosis (early; less common)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of Great Vessels
Truncus arteriosus

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37
Q

Cyanosis (late; more common)

A

VSD
ASD
PDA

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38
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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39
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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40
Q

Dementia

A

Alzheimer’s disease

Multiple infarcts

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41
Q

Demyelinating disease in young women

A

Multiple sclerosis

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42
Q

DIC

A 
Severe sepsis
Obstetric complication
Cancer
Burns
Trauma
Major surgery
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43
Q

Dietary deficit

A

Iron

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44
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker’s diverticulum

Diagnosed by barium swallow

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45
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic/pulmonic stenosis

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46
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide)

Adenocarcinoma (U.S)

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47
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S. aureus

B. cereus

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48
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger’s disease

IgA nephropathy

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49
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A 
Endometrial carcinoma (m/c in US)
Cervical carcinoma (m/c worldwide)
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50
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

MVP

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51
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral > Aortic (rheumatic fever)

Tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

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52
Q

Helminth infection (U.S)

A

Enterobius vermicularis

Ascaris lumbricoides

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53
Q

Hematoma-epidural

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery

Trauma, Lentiform shaped

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54
Q

Hematoma-subdural

A

Rupture of bridging veins

Crescent shaped

55
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation

Can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes,” and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

56
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver

Associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism

57
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand’s disease

58
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert’s syndrome

Benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

59
Q

HLA-B27

A

Ankylosing spondylitis
Reiter’s syndrome
Ulcerative colitis
Psoriasis

60
Q

HLA-DR3 or DR4

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1
Rheumatoid arthritis
SLE

61
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD
Tricuspid regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation

62
Q

Hypercoagulability
Endothelial damage
Blood stasis

A

Virchow’s triad

Result in venous thrombosis

63
Q

Hypertension, secondary

A

Renal disease

64
Q

HYPOparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

65
Q

HYPOpituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually BENIGN tumor)

66
Q

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

HepC

67
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

Staphylococcus aureus
E. coli
Aspergillus (catalase positive)

68
Q

Kidney stones

A

Calcium=radiopague

Struvite (ammonium) = radiopque (formed by ureas-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)

Uric acid=radioLUCENT

69
Q

Late cyanotic shunt

Uncorrected left to right becomes right to left

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome

Caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary HTN/polycythemia

70
Q

Liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

71
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher’s disease

72
Q

Male cancer

A

Prostatic carcinoma

73
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

74
Q

Malignancy (kids)

A

ALL

Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

75
Q

Mental retardation

A

Down syndrome

Fragile X syndrome

76
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate, breast >
Lung >
Thyroid, testes

77
Q

Metastasis to brain

A 
Lung >
Breast >
Genitourinary >
Osteosarcoma >
Melanoma >
GI
78
Q

Metastasis to liver

A

Colon&raquo_space;

Stomach, pancreas

79
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females

Inherited through females ONLY

80
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

81
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

ALS

82
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

83
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

84
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease

85
Q

Neuron migration failure

A 
Kallmann syndrome
(Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
86
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

Klebsiella
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

87
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

88
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

89
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDs

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly carinii) pneumonia

90
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus

91
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

92
Q

Osteomyelitis w/ IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas

S. aureus

93
Q

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

Krukenberg tumor

Mucin-secreting signet-ring cell

94
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

95
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

96
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones

Alcohol

97
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A 
Alcohol (adults)
Cystic fibrosis (kids)
98
Q

Patient w/

ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL: child
CLL: adult >60
AML: adult ~65
CML: adult 30-60

99
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

100
Q

Philadelphia chromosome t(9; 22) (bcr-abl)

A

CML

may sometimes be associated w/ ALL/AML

101
Q

Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma

Somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma

102
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45, XO)

103
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

104
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

105
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Adenomas
Hyperplasia
Carcinoma

106
Q

Primary liver cancer

A 
Hepatocellular carcinoma
(Chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency)
107
Q

Pulmonary HTN

A

COPD

108
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger’s disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

109
Q

Renal tumor

A 
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking
Paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
110
Q

Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

111
Q

S3 (protodiastolic gallop)

A

Increased ventricular filling

Left to Right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF]

112
Q

S4 (presystolic gallop)

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle

Aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy

113
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of CKD

114
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

Chlamydia

usually coinfected with gonorrhea

115
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

116
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

117
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta >
Coronary artery >
Popliteal artery >
Carotid artery

118
Q

Stomach cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

119
Q

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas

120
Q

t(14:18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

121
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma (c-myc activation)

122
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadephia chromosome

CML; bcr-abl fusion

123
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of opthalmic artery
Polymyalgia rheumatica

124
Q

Testicular tumor

A

Seminoma

125
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

126
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma

Estrogen dependent, NOT precancerous

127
Q

Tumor of infancy

A

Hemangioma

Usually regresses spontaneously by childhood

128
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma

Usually benign

129
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma

malignant

130
Q

Type of Hodgkin’s

A 
Nodular sclerosis 
(vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
131
Q

Type of non-Hodgkin’s

A

Diffuse large cell

132
Q

UTI

A 
E. coli
Staphlococcus saprophyticus (young women)
133
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

134
Q

Vitamin deficiency (U.S)

A

Folate

Pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevents NT defects

USMLE Step 1 (4 decks)

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