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FA step 1-- Rapid Review > Key Associations > Flashcards

Key Associations Flashcards

1
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing’s ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling’s ulcer

Greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosal

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3
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (Crohn’s disease)

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4
Q

Aneurysm, dissection

A

Hypertension

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5
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta

A

Atherosclerosis

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6
Q

Aortic aneurysm, arch

A

Tertiary syphilis (Syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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7
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending

A

Marfan’s syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degradation)

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8
Q

Atrophy of the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy (Thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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9
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)

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10
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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11
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults & elderly)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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12
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

Group B streptococcus (newborns), S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids)

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13
Q

Benign melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)

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14
Q

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand’s factor)

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15
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis > Astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > Schwannoma

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16
Q

Brain tumors (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: Craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)

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17
Q

Breast mass

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

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18
Q

Breast cancer

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

in the US, 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer

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19
Q

Breast tumor (benign)

A

Fibroadenoma

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20
Q

Cardiac primary tumor (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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21
Q

Cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

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22
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A

Metastasis, primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and valve”)

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23
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)

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24
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

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25
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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26
Q

Clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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27
Q

Compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis (type 1: postmenopausal woman; type 2: elderly man or woman)

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28
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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29
Q

Congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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30
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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31
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

~Tuberculosis (developing world)

~systemic lupus erythematosus (developed world)

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32
Q

Coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD > RCA > LCA

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33
Q

Creatinism

A

Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism

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34
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

~Iatrogenic Cushing’s (from corticosteroid therapy)

~Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)

~ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma

~Paraneoplastic Cushing’s (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)

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35
Q

Cyanosis (early; less common)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels, truncus arteriosus

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36
Q

Cyanosis (late; more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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37
Q

Death in CML

A

Blastic crisis

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38
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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39
Q

Dementia

A

Alzheimer’s disease, multiple infarcts

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40
Q

Demyelinating disease in young women

A

Multiple sclerosis

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41
Q

DIC

A

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery

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42
Q

Dietary deficit

A

Iron

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43
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker’s diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

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44
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic/pulmonic stenosis

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45
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide)

Adenocarcinoma (US)

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46
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

Staph aureus, B. cereus

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47
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger’s disease (IgA nephropathy)

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48
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A

Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)

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49
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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50
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

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51
Q

Helminth infections (US)

A

Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides

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52
Q

Hematoma – epidural

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)

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53
Q

Hematoma – subdural

A

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

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54
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (Can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes”, and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

55
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B & C and with alcoholism)

56
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorders

A

von Willebrand’s disease

57
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert’s syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

58
Q

HLA–B27

A

Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter’s syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis

59
Q

HLA-DR3 or -DR4

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE

60
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

61
Q

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow’s Triad (results in venous thrombosis)

62
Q

Hypertension, secondary

A

Renal disease

63
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

64
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

65
Q

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

66
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)

67
Q

Kidney stones

A

~ Calcium = radiopaque

~Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by you raise positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)

~Uric acid = radiolucent

68
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

69
Q

Liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

70
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher’s disease

71
Q

Male cancer

A

Prostatic carcinoma

72
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

73
Q

Malignancy (kids)

A

ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

74
Q

Mental retardation

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

75
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid, testes

76
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung > Breast > genitourinary > osteosarcoma > melanoma > G.I.

77
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon»Stomach, pancreas

78
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

79
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

80
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

ALS

81
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

82
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

83
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease

84
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and anosmia)

85
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

86
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

87
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

88
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii (formally carinii) pneumonia

89
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Staph aureus

90
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

91
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, Staph aureus

92
Q

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting singlet-ring cells)

93
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

94
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

95
Q

Pancreatitis (Acute)

A

Gallstones, alcohol

96
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

97
Q

Patients with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL: children

CLL: adults >60

AML: adults ~65

CML: adults 30-60

98
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

99
Q

Philadelphia chromosome t(9:22) (bcc-abl)

A

CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)

100
Q

Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma, somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma

101
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45,XO)

102
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

103
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

104
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

105
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency)

106
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

COPD

107
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger’s disease (strongly associated with the tobacco)

108
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, Renin, PTH, ACTH)

109
Q

Right heart failure due to pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

110
Q

S3 (Protodiastolic gallop)

A

Increased ventricular filling (left to right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])

111
Q

S4 (presystolic gallop)

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

112
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

113
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)

114
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

115
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

116
Q

Sites of arthrosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta >coronary artery >popliteal artery >carotid artery

117
Q

Stomach cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

118
Q

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

119
Q

t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

120
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma (c-myc activation)

121
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)

122
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

123
Q

Testicular tumor

A

Seminoma

124
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

125
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

126
Q

Tumor of infancy

A

Hemangioma (Usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

127
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

128
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

129
Q

Type of Hodgkin’s

A

Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

130
Q

Type of non-Hodgkin’s

A

Diffuse large cell

131
Q

UTI

A

E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (Young women)

132
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

133
Q

Vitamin deficiency (US)

A

Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3 to 4 months supply; prevents neural tube defects)

134
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

FA step 1-- Rapid Review (4 decks)

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