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FA step 1-- Rapid Review > Classic Labs/Findings > Flashcards

Classic Labs/Findings Flashcards

1
Q

Anti-desmoglein (epithelial) Ab’s

A

Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)

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2
Q

Anti-glomerular basement membrane anti-bodies

A

Goodpasture’s syndrome

glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis

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3
Q

Antihistone anti-bodies

A

Drug-induced SLE

hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide

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4
Q

Anti-IgG antibodies

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

systemic inflammation, join pannus, boutonnière deformity

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5
Q

Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis

female, cholestasis, portal hypertension

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6
Q

Anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic anti-bodies (ANCAs)

A

Vasculitis

(c-ANCA: Granulomatosis with pharyngitis [Wagner’s])

(p-ANCA: microscopic Pharyngitis, Churg–Strauss syndrome)

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7
Q

Anti-nuclear antibodies

AMAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA

A

SLE (Type III hypersensitivity)

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8
Q

Antiplatelet antibodies

A

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic Purpera (ITP)

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9
Q

Anti-topoisomerase anti-bodies

A

Diffuse systemic scleroderma

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10
Q

Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies

A

Celiac disease

diarrhea, distention, weight loss

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11
Q

“Apple core” lesion on abdominal x-ray

A

Colorectal cancer (usually left-sided)

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12
Q

Azurpphilic peroxidase-positive granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts

A

Auer rods

acute myelogenous leukemia, especially the promyelocytic [M3] type

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13
Q

Bacitracin response

A

Sensitive: Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A)

Resistant: Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)

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14
Q

“Bamboo spine” on x-ray

A

Ankylosing spondylitis

Chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27

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15
Q

Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen

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16
Q

Basophilic stippling of RBCs

A

Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia

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17
Q

Bloody tap on LP

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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18
Q

“Boot shaped” heart on x-ray

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH

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19
Q

Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules

A

Actinomycetes israelii

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20
Q

Bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging

A

Pancoast tumor

can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horner’s syndrome

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21
Q

“Brown” tumor of bone

A

Hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica

deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown color

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22
Q

Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy

A

Chagas’ disease

Trypanosoma cruzi

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23
Q

Cellular crescents in Bowman’s capsule

A

Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis

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24
Q

“Chocolate cyst” of ovary

A

Endometriosis

frequently involves both ovaries

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25
Q

Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils

A

Homer-Wright rosettes

neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma

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26
Q

Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas and lungs

A

Cystic fibrosis

autosomal-recessive mutation in CFTR resulting in fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs

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27
Q

Decreased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormalities

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28
Q

Degeneration of dorsal column nerves

A

~Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis)

~subacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns and lateral corticospinal tract affected)

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29
Q

Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s disease

basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia

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30
Q

Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum

A

Curschmann’s spirals

bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs

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31
Q

Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid

A

Call-Exner bodies

granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary

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32
Q

Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia

A

Koilocytes

HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer

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33
Q

Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

“Owl’s eye” appearance of CMV

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34
Q

Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei

A

“Orphan Annie’s eyes” nuclei

papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

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35
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cells

A

Mallory bodies

alcoholic liver disease

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36
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions in nerve cell

A

Lewy body

Parkinson’s disease

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37
Q

Eosinophilic globule in liver

A

Councilman body

toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever

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38
Q

Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells

A

Negri bodies of rabies

Lyssavirus

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39
Q

Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain

A

Senile plaques

Alzheimer’s disease

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40
Q

Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions

“owl’s eye”

A

Reed-Sternberg cells

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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41
Q

Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells

A

Schiller-Duval bodies

yolk sac tumor

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42
Q

“Hair on end”

(crew-cut) appearance on x-ray

A

~Beta-thalassemia

~sickle cell anemia (marrow expansion)

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43
Q

hCG elevated

A

~Choriocarcinoma

~hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)

44
Q

Heart nodules (granulomatous)

A

Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)

45
Q

Heterophile antibodies

A

Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

46
Q

Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions

A

Bronchial asthma

Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules

47
Q

High level of D-dimers

A

~DVT

~pulmonary embolism

~DIC

48
Q

~Hailar lymphadenopathy

~peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)

A

Ghon complex (primary TB: Mycobacterium bacilli)

49
Q

“Honeycomb lung” on x-ray or CT

A

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

50
Q

Hypercoagulability

leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis

A

Trousseau’s syndrome

adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung

51
Q

Hypersegmented neutrophils

A

Megaloblastic anemia

(B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms)

(folate deficiency: no neurologic symptoms)

52
Q

1) Hypertension
2) hypokalemia
3) metabolic alkalosis

A

Conn’s syndrome

53
Q

Hypochromic, microcytic anemia

A

~Iron deficiency anemia

~lead poisoning

~thalassemia (fetal hemoglobin sometimes present)

54
Q

Increased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

~Dating error

~anencephaly

~spina bifida (neural tube defects)

55
Q

Increased uric acid levels

A

~Gout

~Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

~tumor lysis syndrome

~loop and thiazide diuretics

56
Q

Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies

A

Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or CMV)

57
Q

Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum

A

Ferruginous bodies

asbestosis: increased chance of mesothelioma

58
Q

Keratin pearls on a skin biopsy

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

59
Q

Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunodeficiency

A

Chédiak-Hagashi disease

congenital failure of phagolysosome formation

60
Q

“Lead pipe” appearance of colon on barium enema x-ray

A

Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)

61
Q

Linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular basement membrane

A

Goodpasture’s syndrome

62
Q

Low serum ceruloplasmin

A

Wilson’s disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)

63
Q

“Lumpy bumpy” appearance of glomeruli on immunoflorescence

A

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

immune complex deposition of IgG and C3b

64
Q

Lytic (“hole punched”) bone lesions on x-ray

A

Multiple myeloma

65
Q

Mammary gland (“blue dome”) cyst

A

Fibrocystic change of the breast

66
Q

Monoclonal antibody spike

A

~Multiple myeloma (usually IgG or IgA)

~Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS; normal consequence of aging)

~Waldenström’s (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia

~Primary amyloidosis

67
Q

Mucin-filled cells with peripheral nucleus

A

Singlet ring (gastric carcinoma)

68
Q

Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray

A

“String sign” (Crohn’s disease)

69
Q

Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis

A

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s; c–ANCA positive) and Goodpasture’s syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)

70
Q

Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals

A

Gout (Monosodium urate crystals)

71
Q

Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli

A

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)

72
Q

Novobiocin response

A

Sensitive: Staphylococcus epidermidis

Resistant: Staphylococcus saprophyticus

73
Q

“Nutmeg” appearance of liver

A

Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure

74
Q

“Onion skin” periosteal reaction

A

Ewing’s sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)

75
Q

Optochin response

A

Sensitive: Streptococcus pneumoniae

Resistant: Viridans streptococcus

76
Q

Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area

A

Codman’s triangle on x-ray

osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis

77
Q

Podocyte fusion or “effacement” on electron microscopy

A

Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)

78
Q

Polished, “ivory like” appearance of bone at cartilage erosion

A

Eburnation (Osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)

79
Q

Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau

A

Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer’s disease) and Pick’s bodies (Pick’s disease)

80
Q

Psammoma bodies

A

~Meningiomas

~papillary thyroid carcinoma

~mesothelioma

~papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary

81
Q

Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

82
Q

RBC casts in urine

A

Acute glomerulonephritis

83
Q

Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells

A

Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)

84
Q

Renal epithelial casts in urine

A

Acute toxic/viral nephrosis

85
Q

Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent

A

Pseudogout

Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals

86
Q

Rib notching

A

Coarctation of the aorta

87
Q

Ring-enhancing brain lesion in AIDS

A

Toxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma

88
Q

Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body-laden macrophages (“Starry sky” histology)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma

t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV; “black sky” made up of malignant cells

89
Q

Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons

A

Pick bodies

Pick’s disease: progressive dementia, changes in personality

90
Q

“Soap bubble” in femur or tibia an x-ray

A

Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)

91
Q

“Spikes” on basement membrane, “dome like” subepithelial deposits

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis (may progress to nephrotic syndrome)

92
Q

Stacks of RBCs

A

Rouleaux formation

high ESR, multiple myeloma

93
Q

Stippled vaginal epithelial cells

A

“Clue cells” (Gardnerella vaginalis)

94
Q

“Tennis racket” shape cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells

A

Birbeck granules

Langerhans cells histiocytosis or histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma

95
Q

Thrombi made of white/red layers

A

Lines of Zahn

Arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs

96
Q

“Thumb sign” on lateral x-ray

A

Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)

97
Q

Thyroid-like appearance of kidney

A

Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis

98
Q

Tram-track appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy

A

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

99
Q

Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles

A

Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)

100
Q

“Waxy” casts with very low urine flow

A

Chronic end-stage renal disease

101
Q

WBC casts in urine

A

Acute pyelonephritis

102
Q

WBC’s that look “smudged”

A

CLL (almost always B cell)

103
Q

“Wire loop” glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy

A

Lupus nephropathy

104
Q

Yellowish CSF

A

Xanthochromia

e.g., due to subarachnoid hemorrhage

105
Q

Anticentromere antibodies

A

Scleroderma (CREST)

FA step 1-- Rapid Review (4 decks)

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