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Step 1 - Rapid Review > Key Associations > Flashcards

Key Associations Flashcards

1
Q

actinic (solar) keratosis

A

precursor to squamous cell ca

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2
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

cushing ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)

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3
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

curling ulcer (reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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4
Q

alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

skip lesions (Crohn disease)

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5
Q

aneurysm (dissecting)

A

HTN

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6
Q

aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta

A

atherosclerosis

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7
Q

aortic aneurysm, arch

A

tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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8
Q

aortic aneurysm, ascending

A

Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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9
Q

atrophy of mammillary bodies

A

wernicke encephalopathy (thiaminie deficiency causing ataxia, ophtalmoplegia, and confusion)

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10
Q

autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)

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11
Q

bacteria assoc with gastritis, PUD, and stomach ca

A

H. pylori

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12
Q

bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

strep pneumo

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13
Q

bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

GBS/E. coli (newborns), strep pneumo/neisseria meningitidis (kids)

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14
Q

benign melanocytic nevus

A

spitz nevus (mcc in first 2 decades)

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15
Q

bleeding disorder w/Gp1b deficiency

A

Bernard-soulier syndrom (defect in platelet adhesion to vWF)

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16
Q

brain tumor (adults)

A

supratentorial: met > astrocytoma (incl glioblastoma) > meningioma > schwannoma

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17
Q

brain tumor (kids)

A

infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma

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18
Q

breast ca

A

infiltrating ductal ca

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19
Q

breast mass

A

fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

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20
Q

breast tumor (benign)

A

fibroadenoma

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21
Q

cardiac primary tumor (kids)

A

rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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22
Q

cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

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23
Q

cardiac tumor (adults)

A

metastasis, primary myxoma (4:1 L to R atrium; “ball and valve”

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24
Q

cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari II malformation

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25
Q

chronic arrhythmia

A

afib (assoc w/risk of emboli)

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26
Q

chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

predisposed to gastric carcinoma, pernicious anemia

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27
Q

clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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28
Q

compression fracture

A

osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal women; type II: elderly man or woman)

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29
Q

CAH, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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30
Q

congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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31
Q

congenital conjugated hyperbili (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conj bili into bile)

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32
Q

constrictive pericarditis

A

TB (developing world); SLE (developed world)

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33
Q

coronary artery thrombosis

A

LAD>RCA>LCA

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34
Q

cretinism

A

iodine deficit/hypothyroidism

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35
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A 
iatrogenic cushing (from corticosteroid tx)
adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
paraneoplastic cushing (due to ACTH secretion by tumor)
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36
Q

cyanosis (early; less common)

A

T of F, TGA, truncus arteriosus

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37
Q

cyanosis (late; more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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38
Q

death in CML

A

blast crisis

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39
Q

death in SLE

A

lupus nephropathy

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40
Q

dementia

A

alzheimer dz, multiple infarcts

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41
Q

demyelinating dz in young women

A

MS

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42
Q

DIC

A

sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery

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43
Q

dietary deficit

A

Iron

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44
Q

diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

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45
Q

ejection click

A

aortic/pulmonic stenosis

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46
Q

esophageal ca

A

squamous cell ca (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)

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47
Q

food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

s. aureus, b. cereus

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48
Q

glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

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49
Q

gynecologic malignancy

A

endometrial ca (mc in US); cervical ca (mc worldwide)

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50
Q

heart murmur, congenital

A

mitral valve prolapse

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51
Q

heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

mitral>aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IVDA)

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52
Q

helminth infxn (US)

A

enterobius vermicularis, ascaris lumbricoides

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53
Q

hematoma - epidural

A

middle meningeal a. (trauma, lentiform-shaped)

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54
Q

hematoma - subdural

A

bridging veins (crescent shaped)

55
Q

hemochromatosis

A

multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes,” and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

56
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma

A

cirrhotic liver (assoc w hep B and C, alcoholism)

57
Q

hereditary bleeding d/o

A

VWD

58
Q

hereditary harmless jaundice

A

gilbert syndrome (unconjugated hyperbili)

59
Q

HLAB27

A

ankylosing spondylitis
reactive arthritis
UC
psoriatic arthritis

60
Q

HLADR3 or DR4

A

DM I, RA, SLE

61
Q

holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, TR, MR

62
Q

hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow’s triad

63
Q

secondary HTN

A

renal disease

64
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

accidental excision during thyroidectomy

65
Q

hypopituitarism

A

pituitary adenoma (usually benign)

66
Q

infection 2/2 transfusion

A

HCV

67
Q

CGD infxns

A

s. aureus, e. coli, aspergillus

68
Q

intellectual disability

A

down syndrome, fragile X

69
Q

kidney stones

A

calcium = radiopaque
struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease+ organisms like proteus, staph)
uric acid = radiolucent

70
Q

late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

A

Eisenmenger syndrome (c/b ASD, VSD, PDA; results in PH, polycythemia)

71
Q

liver disease

A

alcoholic cirrhosis

72
Q

lysosomal storage disease

A

gaucher disease

73
Q

male cancer

A

prostatic carcinoma

74
Q

malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

hodgkin lymphoma

75
Q

malgnancy (kids)

A

ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

76
Q

mets to bone

A

prostate, breast > lung > thyroid

77
Q

mets to brain

A

lung > breast > GU > melanoma > GI

78
Q

mets to liver

A

colon&raquo_space; stomach, panc

79
Q

mitochondrial inheritance

A

disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

80
Q

mitral valve stenosis

A

rheumatic heart disease

81
Q

mixed UMN LMN lesion

A

ALS

82
Q

myocarditis

A

coxsackie B

83
Q

nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

FSGS

84
Q

nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

minimal change

85
Q

neuron migration failure

A

kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

86
Q

nosocomial PNA

A

klebsiella, e. coli, pseudomonas

87
Q

male urinary tract obstruction

A

BPH

88
Q

opening snap

A

mitral stenosis

89
Q

AIDS opportunistic infxn

A

PCP pneumonia

90
Q

osteomyelitis

A

s. aureus

91
Q

osteomyelitis in ss

A

salmonella

92
Q

osteomyelitis with IVDA

A

pseudomonas, s. aureus

93
Q

ovarian met from gastric ca or breast ca

A

krukenberg (mucin-secreting, signet-ring cells)

94
Q

ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

serous cystadenoma

95
Q

ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

serous cystadenocarcinoma

96
Q

pancreatitis (acute)

A

gallstones, etoh

97
Q

pancreatitis (chronic)

A

alcohol (adults), CF (kids)

98
Q

patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL: child
CLL: adult >60
AML: adult ~65
CML: 30-60

99
Q

PID

A

chlamydia, gonorrhea

100
Q

Phil chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)

A

CML (sometimes associated with ALL/AML)

101
Q

pituitary tumor

A

prolactinoma, somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma

102
Q

primary amenorrhea

A

turner syndrome (45, XO)

103
Q

primary bone tumor (adults)

A

multiple myeloma

104
Q

primary hyperaldo

A

adenoma of adrenal cortex

105
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism

A

adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

106
Q

primary liver cancer

A

HCC (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency)

107
Q

pulmonary HTN

A

COPD

108
Q

recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

buerger disease (assoc with tobacco)

109
Q

renal tumor

A

RCC (assoc with VHL and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes - EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)

110
Q

right heart failure 2/2 pulm cause

A

cor pulmonale

111
Q

S3 (protodiastolic gallop)

A

increased ventricular filling (L to R shunt, MR, LV failure)

112
Q

S4 (presystolic gallop)

A

stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (AS, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

113
Q

STD

A

chlamydia (commonly coinfected with gonorrhea)

114
Q

SIADH

A

small cell ca of lung

115
Q

site of diverticula

A

sigmoid colon

116
Q

sites of atherosclerosis

A

abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal > carotid

117
Q

stomach cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

118
Q

stomach ulcers and high gastrin

A

zollinger-ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or panc)

119
Q

t(14;18)

A

follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

120
Q

t(8;14)

A

burkitt lymphoma (c-myc activation)

121
Q

t(9;22)

A

phil chromosome (bcr-abl fusion)

122
Q

temporal arteritis

A

risk of ipsilateral blindness 2/2 thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; PMR

123
Q

testicular tumor

A

seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)

124
Q

thyroid ca

A

papillary carcinoma

125
Q

tumor in women

A

leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

126
Q

tumor of infancy

A

hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

127
Q

tumor of adrenal medulla (adults)

A

pheo (usually benign)

128
Q

tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)

A

neuroblastoma (malignant)

129
Q

type of hodgkin

A

good vs. bad

nodular sclerosis (vs mixed cellularity, lymphocyte predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

130
Q

type of non-hodgkin

A

diffuse large cell

131
Q

UTI

A

e. coli, staph saprophyticus (young women)

132
Q

viral encephalitis of temporal lobe

A

HSV1

133
Q

vitamin deficiency (US)

A

folate (pregnancy is risk factor, body stores only 3-4 month supply)

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