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First Aid Rapid Review > key associations > Flashcards

key associations Flashcards

1
Q

actinic (solar) keratosis

A

precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing’s ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)

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3
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling’s ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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4
Q

alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (Crohn’s disease)

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5
Q

Aneurysm, dissecting

A

Hypertension

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6
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta

A

Atherosclerosis

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7
Q

Aortic aneurysm, arch

A

Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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8
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending

A

Marfan’s syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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9
Q

Atrophy of the mammilary bodies

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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10
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)

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11
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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12
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

S. pneumoniae

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13
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

Group B strep (newborns); S. pneumoniae/N. meningitidis (kids)

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14
Q

Benign melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)

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15
Q

Bleeding disorder with Gp1b deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to vW factor)

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16
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metatstasis>astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme)>meningioma>schwannoma

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17
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblatoma (cerebellum); or Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)

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18
Q

Breast cancer

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the U.S., 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer)

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19
Q

Breast mass

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in post-menopausal women)

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20
Q

Breast tumor (benign)

A

Fibroadenoma

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21
Q

Cardiac primary tumor (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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22
Q

Cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

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23
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A

Metastasis, primary myxoma (4:1 LA to RA, “ball and valve”)

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24
Q

cerebellar tonsilar herniation

A

Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)

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25
Q

chronic arrythmia

A

atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

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26
Q

chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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27
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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28
Q

compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis (type 1: postmenopausal woman; type 2: elderly man or woman)

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29
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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30
Q

congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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31
Q

congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson synd (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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32
Q

constrictive pericarditis

A

Tuberculosis (developing world); systemic lupus erythematosus (developed world)

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33
Q

Coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD > RCA > LCA

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34
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism

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35
Q

iatrogenic Cushing’s

A

from corticosteroid therapy

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36
Q

Adrenocortical adenoma

A

secretes excess cortisol –> Cushing’s

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37
Q

ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma

A

stimulates adrenal cortex –> Cushing’s

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38
Q

ACTH secretion by tumors

A

paraneoplastic Cushing’s

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39
Q

Cyanosis (early; less common)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

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40
Q

Cyanosis (late; more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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41
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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42
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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43
Q

Dementia

A

Alzheimer’s DZ, multiple infarcts

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44
Q

Demyelinating DZ in young women

A

multiple sclerosis

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45
Q

DIC

A

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery

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46
Q

Dietary deficit

A

Iron

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47
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker’s diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

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48
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic/pulmonic stenosis

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49
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)

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50
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S. Aureus, B. Cereus

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51
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger’s DZ (IgA nephropathy)

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52
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A

endometrial carcinoma (US); cervical carcinoma (worldwide)

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53
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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54
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

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55
Q

Helminth infection (U.S.)

A

enterobius vermicularis, ascaris lumbricoides

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56
Q

Hematoma - epidural

A

rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)

57
Q

Hematoma - subdural

A

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

58
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes”, and risk of hep. carcinoma)

59
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

cirrhotic liver (associated with HBV, HCV, and alcoholism)

60
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand’s DZ

61
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert’s syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

62
Q

HLA-B27

A

Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter’s syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis

63
Q

HLA-DR3 or DR4

A

DM1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE

64
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

65
Q

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow’s triad (results in venous thrombosis)

66
Q

Hypertension, secondary

A

Renal disease

67
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

68
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

69
Q

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

70
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

S. Aureus, E. Coli, Aspergillus (catalase-positive)

71
Q

Radiopaque stones

A

calcium and struvite (ammonium) stones

72
Q

Organisms leading to struvite stones

A

Proteus and staphylococcus

73
Q

Radiolucent stones

A

uric acid stones

74
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L-R becomes R-L)

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary HTN/polycythemia)

75
Q

Liver disease

A

alcoholic cirrhosis

76
Q

lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher’s disease

77
Q

Male cancer

A

prostatic carcinoma

78
Q

Malignancy associated with non-infectious fever

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

79
Q

Malignancy (kids)

A

ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

80
Q

Mental retardation

A

Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome

81
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid, testes

82
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung > breast > genitourinary > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI

83
Q

metastases to liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach, pancreas

84
Q

mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both m/f, inherited through females only

85
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

rheumatic heart disease

86
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron DZ

87
Q

myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

88
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

89
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

minimal change disease

90
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallman syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

91
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas

92
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

93
Q

Opening snap

A

mitral stenosis

94
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

P. jirovecii (formerly carinii) pneumonia

95
Q

Osteomyelitis

96
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell DZ

A

Salmonella

97
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, S. aureus

98
Q

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)

99
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

serous cystadenoma

100
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones, alcohol

101
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

102
Q

Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60; AML: adult ~65; CML: adult 30-60

103
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Chlamydia trachomatis, n. gonorrhoeae

104
Q

Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)

A

CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)

105
Q

Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma, somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma

106
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45, XO)

107
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

108
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

109
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

110
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, a1 antitrypsin deficiency)

111
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

112
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger’s DZ (strongly associated with tobacco)

113
Q

Renal tumor (paraneoplastic syndromes: EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Landau and cigarette smoking

114
Q

Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

115
Q

S3 (protodiastolic gallop)

A

^ ventricular filling (L>R shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])

116
Q

S4 (presystolic gallop)

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

117
Q

secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

118
Q

Sexually transmitted DZ

A

Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)

119
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of lung

120
Q

Site of diverticula

A

sigmoid colon (LLQ)

121
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

122
Q

Stomach cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

123
Q

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

124
Q

t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

125
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma (c-myc activation)

126
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)

127
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

128
Q

Testicular tumor

129
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

papillary carcinoma

130
Q

Tumor in women

A

leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

131
Q

Tumor of infancy

A

hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

132
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

133
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

134
Q

Type of Hodgkin’s

A

Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

135
Q

Type of non-Hodgkin’s

A

Diffuse large cell

136
Q

UTI

A

E. coli, Staph saprophyticus (young women)

137
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

138
Q

Vitamin deficiency (U.S.); body stores only 3-4-month supply

A

Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; prevents neural tube defects)

First Aid Rapid Review (3 decks)

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